半监督的语义细分需要对未标记的数据进行丰富而强大的监督。一致性学习强制执行相同的像素在不同的增强视图中具有相似的特征，这是一个强大的信号，但忽略了与其他像素的关系。相比之下，对比学习考虑了丰富的成对关系，但是为像素对分配二进制阳性阴性监督信号可能是一个难题。在本文中，我们竭尽所能，并提出多视图相关性一致性（MVCC）学习：它考虑了自相关矩阵中的丰富成对关系，并将它们匹配到视图中以提供强大的监督。加上这种相关性一致性损失，我们提出了一个视图增强策略，可以保证不同观点之间的像素像素对应关系。在两个数据集上的一系列半监督设置中，我们报告了与最先进方法相比的竞争精度。值得注意的是，在CityScapes上，我们以1/8标记的数据达到76.8％的MIOU，比完全监督的Oracle差0.6％。

卷积神经网络可以在语义细分任务中实现出色的性能。但是，这种神经网络方法在很大程度上依赖于昂贵的像素级注释。半监督学习是解决这个问题的有前途的决议，但其表现仍然远远落后于完全受监督的对手。这项工作提出了一个带有三个模块的跨教师培训框架，可显着改善传统的半监督学习方法。核心是跨教师模块，可以同时减少同伴网络之间的耦合以及教师和学生网络之间的错误积累。此外，我们提出了两个互补的对比学习模块。高级模块可以将高质量的知识从标记的数据传输到未标记的数据，并在特征空间中促进类之间的分离。低级模块可以鼓励从同伴网络中的高质量功能学习的低质量功能。在实验中，跨教师模块显着提高了传统的学生教师方法的性能，而我们的框架在基准数据集上的表现优于现行方法。我们的CTT源代码将发布。

强大的语义细分面临的一个普遍挑战是昂贵的数据注释成本。现有的半监督解决方案显示出解决此问题的巨大潜力。他们的关键想法是通过未经监督的数据增加未标记的数据来构建一致性正则化，以进行模型培训。未标记数据的扰动使一致性训练损失使半监督的语义分割受益。但是，这些扰动破坏了图像上下文并引入了不自然的边界，这对语义分割是有害的。此外，广泛采用的半监督学习框架，即均值老师，遭受了绩效限制，因为学生模型最终会收敛于教师模型。在本文中，首先，我们提出了一个友好的可区分几何扭曲，以进行无监督的数据增强。其次，提出了一个新颖的对抗双重学生框架，以从以下两个方面从以下两个方面改善均等老师：（1）双重学生模型是独立学习的，除了稳定约束以鼓励利用模型多样性； （2）对对抗性训练计划适用于学生，并诉诸歧视者以区分无标记数据的可靠伪标签进行自我训练。通过对Pascal VOC2012和CityScapes进行的广泛实验来验证有效性。我们的解决方案可显着提高两个数据集的性能和最先进的结果。值得注意的是，与完全监督相比，我们的解决方案仅使用Pascal VOC2012上的12.5％注释数据获得了73.4％的可比MIOU。我们的代码和模型可在https://github.com/caocong/ads-semiseg上找到。

Contrastive learning methods for unsupervised visual representation learning have reached remarkable levels of transfer performance. We argue that the power of contrastive learning has yet to be fully unleashed, as current methods are trained only on instance-level pretext tasks, leading to representations that may be sub-optimal for downstream tasks requiring dense pixel predictions. In this paper, we introduce pixel-level pretext tasks for learning dense feature representations. The first task directly applies contrastive learning at the pixel level. We additionally propose a pixel-to-propagation consistency task that produces better results, even surpassing the state-of-the-art approaches by a large margin. Specifically, it achieves 60.2 AP, 41.4 / 40.5 mAP and 77.2 mIoU when transferred to Pascal VOC object detection (C4), COCO object detection (FPN / C4) and Cityscapes semantic segmentation using a ResNet-50 backbone network, which are 2.6 AP, 0.8 / 1.0 mAP and 1.0 mIoU better than the previous best methods built on instance-level contrastive learning. Moreover, the pixel-level pretext tasks are found to be effective for pretraining not only regular backbone networks but also head networks used for dense downstream tasks, and are complementary to instance-level contrastive methods. These results demonstrate the strong potential of defining pretext tasks at the pixel level, and suggest a new path forward in unsupervised visual representation learning. Code is available at https://github.com/zdaxie/PixPro.

自我训练在半监督学习中表现出巨大的潜力。它的核心思想是使用在标记数据上学习的模型来生成未标记样本的伪标签，然后自我教学。为了获得有效的监督，主动尝试通常会采用动量老师进行伪标签的预测，但要观察确认偏见问题，在这种情况下，错误的预测可能会提供错误的监督信号并在培训过程中积累。这种缺点的主要原因是，现行的自我训练框架充当以前的知识指导当前状态，因为老师仅与过去的学生更新。为了减轻这个问题，我们提出了一种新颖的自我训练策略，该策略使模型可以从未来学习。具体而言，在每个培训步骤中，我们都会首先优化学生（即，在不将其应用于模型权重的情况下缓存梯度），然后用虚拟未来的学生更新老师，最后要求老师为伪标记生产伪标签目前的学生作为指导。这样，我们设法提高了伪标签的质量，从而提高了性能。我们还通过深入（FST-D）和广泛（FST-W）窥视未来，开发了我们未来自我训练（FST）框架的两个变体。将无监督的域自适应语义分割和半监督语义分割的任务作为实例，我们在广泛的环境下实验表明了我们方法的有效性和优越性。代码将公开可用。

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

Recent studies on semi-supervised semantic segmentation (SSS) have seen fast progress. Despite their promising performance, current state-of-the-art methods tend to increasingly complex designs at the cost of introducing more network components and additional training procedures. Differently, in this work, we follow a standard teacher-student framework and propose AugSeg, a simple and clean approach that focuses mainly on data perturbations to boost the SSS performance. We argue that various data augmentations should be adjusted to better adapt to the semi-supervised scenarios instead of directly applying these techniques from supervised learning. Specifically, we adopt a simplified intensity-based augmentation that selects a random number of data transformations with uniformly sampling distortion strengths from a continuous space. Based on the estimated confidence of the model on different unlabeled samples, we also randomly inject labelled information to augment the unlabeled samples in an adaptive manner. Without bells and whistles, our simple AugSeg can readily achieve new state-of-the-art performance on SSS benchmarks under different partition protocols.

本文介绍了密集的暹罗网络（Denseiam），这是一个简单的无监督学习框架，用于密集的预测任务。它通过以两种类型的一致性（即像素一致性和区域一致性）之间最大化一个图像的两个视图之间的相似性来学习视觉表示。具体地，根据重叠区域中的确切位置对应关系，Denseiam首先最大化像素级的空间一致性。它还提取一批与重叠区域中某些子区域相对应的区域嵌入，以形成区域一致性。与以前需要负像素对，动量编码器或启发式面膜的方法相反，Denseiam受益于简单的暹罗网络，并优化了不同粒度的一致性。它还证明了简单的位置对应关系和相互作用的区域嵌入足以学习相似性。我们将Denseiam应用于ImageNet，并在各种下游任务上获得竞争性改进。我们还表明，只有在一些特定于任务的损失中，简单的框架才能直接执行密集的预测任务。在现有的无监督语义细分基准中，它以2.1 miou的速度超过了最新的细分方法，培训成本为28％。代码和型号在https://github.com/zwwwayne/densesiam上发布。

手术场景细分对于促使机器人手术的认知援助至关重要。但是，以逐帧方式以像素为单位的注释视频是昂贵且耗时的。为了大大减轻标签负担，在这项工作中，我们从机器人手术视频中研究了半监督的场景细分，这实际上是必不可少的，但以前很少探索。我们考虑在等距采样下的临床上适当的注释情况。然后，我们提出了PGV-CL，这是一种新型的伪标签引导的跨视频对比学习方法，以增强场景分割。它有效地利用了未标记的数据来实现可信赖和全球模型的正则化，从而产生更具歧视性的特征表示。具体来说，对于可信赖的表示学习，我们建议合并伪标签以指导对选择，从而获得更可靠的代表对像素对比度。此外，我们将代表学习空间从以前的图像级扩展到交叉视频，该图像可以捕获全球语义以使学习过程受益。我们广泛评估了公共机器人手术数据集Edovis18和公共白内障数据集Cadis的方法。实验结果证明了我们方法的有效性，在不同的标签比下始终超过了最先进的半监督方法，甚至超过了10.1％标签的destovis18上的全面监督培训。

深度学习的快速发展在分割方面取得了长足的进步，这是计算机视觉的基本任务之一。但是，当前的细分算法主要取决于像素级注释的可用性，这些注释通常昂贵，乏味且费力。为了减轻这一负担，过去几年见证了越来越多的关注，以建立标签高效，深度学习的细分算法。本文对标签有效的细分方法进行了全面的审查。为此，我们首先根据不同类型的弱标签提供的监督（包括没有监督，粗略监督，不完整的监督和嘈杂的监督和嘈杂的监督），首先开发出一种分类法来组织这些方法，并通过细分类型（包括语义细分）补充，实例分割和全景分割）。接下来，我们从统一的角度总结了现有的标签有效的细分方法，该方法讨论了一个重要的问题：如何弥合弱监督和密集预测之间的差距 - 当前的方法主要基于启发式先导，例如交叉像素相似性，跨标签约束，跨视图一致性，跨图像关系等。最后，我们分享了对标签有效深层细分的未来研究方向的看法。

Recent breakthroughs in semi-supervised semantic segmentation have been developed through contrastive learning. In prevalent pixel-wise contrastive learning solutions, the model maps pixels to deterministic representations and regularizes them in the latent space. However, there exist inaccurate pseudo-labels which map the ambiguous representations of pixels to the wrong classes due to the limited cognitive ability of the model. In this paper, we define pixel-wise representations from a new perspective of probability theory and propose a Probabilistic Representation Contrastive Learning (PRCL) framework that improves representation quality by taking its probability into consideration. Through modelling the mapping from pixels to representations as the probability via multivariate Gaussian distributions, we can tune the contribution of the ambiguous representations to tolerate the risk of inaccurate pseudo-labels. Furthermore, we define prototypes in the form of distributions, which indicates the confidence of a class, while the point prototype cannot. Moreover, we propose to regularize the distribution variance to enhance the reliability of representations. Taking advantage of these benefits, high-quality feature representations can be derived in the latent space, thereby the performance of semantic segmentation can be further improved. We conduct sufficient experiment to evaluate PRCL on Pascal VOC and CityScapes to demonstrate its superiority. The code is available at https://github.com/Haoyu-Xie/PRCL.

Pseudo supervision is regarded as the core idea in semi-supervised learning for semantic segmentation, and there is always a tradeoff between utilizing only the high-quality pseudo labels and leveraging all the pseudo labels. Addressing that, we propose a novel learning approach, called Conservative-Progressive Collaborative Learning (CPCL), among which two predictive networks are trained in parallel, and the pseudo supervision is implemented based on both the agreement and disagreement of the two predictions. One network seeks common ground via intersection supervision and is supervised by the high-quality labels to ensure a more reliable supervision, while the other network reserves differences via union supervision and is supervised by all the pseudo labels to keep exploring with curiosity. Thus, the collaboration of conservative evolution and progressive exploration can be achieved. To reduce the influences of the suspicious pseudo labels, the loss is dynamic re-weighted according to the prediction confidence. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CPCL achieves state-of-the-art performance for semi-supervised semantic segmentation.

在最近的半监督语义分割方法中，一致性正则化已被广泛研究。从图像，功能和网络扰动中受益，已经实现了出色的性能。为了充分利用这些扰动，在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新的一致性正则化框架，称为相互知识蒸馏（MKD）。我们创新地基于一致性正则化方法，创新了两个辅助均值老师模型。更具体地说，我们使用一位卑鄙的老师生成的伪标签来监督另一个学生网络，以在两个分支之间进行相互知识蒸馏。除了使用图像级强和弱的增强外，我们还采用了特征增强，考虑隐性语义分布来增加对学生的进一步扰动。提出的框架大大增加了训练样本的多样性。公共基准测试的广泛实验表明，我们的框架在各种半监督设置下都优于先前的最先进方法（SOTA）方法。

我们在语义分段（NCDSS）中介绍了新型类发现的新设置，其目的在于将未标记的图像分段，其中给出了从标记的不相交类集之前知识的新类。与看起来在图像分类中的新型类发现的现有方法相比，我们专注于更具挑战性的语义细分。在NCDS中，我们需要区分对象和背景，并处理图像内的多个类的存在，这增加了使用未标记数据的难度。为了解决这个新的设置，我们利用标记的基础数据和显着模型来粗略地集群新颖的课程，以便在我们的基本框架中进行模型培训。此外，我们提出了基于熵的不确定性建模和自我培训（EUMS）框架来克服嘈杂的伪标签，进一步提高了新颖类别的模型性能。我们的欧姆斯利用熵排名技术和动态重新分配来蒸馏清洁标签，从而充分利用自我监督的学习来充分利用嘈杂的数据。我们在Pascal-5 $ ^ i $ dataSet上构建NCDSS基准。广泛的实验表明了基本框架的可行性（实现了平均Miou的49.81％）和欧姆斯框架的有效性（优于9.28％Miou的基本框架）。

最近的半监督学习（SSL）方法通常基于伪标记。由于SSL性能受到伪标签质量的大大影响，因此已经提出了相互学习，以有效地抑制伪监管中的噪音。在这项工作中，我们提出了强大的相互学习，可以在两个方面提高先前的方法。首先，vanilla相互学习者遭受耦合问题，模型可能会聚以学习同质知识。我们通过介绍卑鄙教师来产生互动监督，以便在这两个学生之间没有直接互动来解决这个问题。我们还表明，强大的数据增强，模型噪声和异构网络架构对于缓解模型耦合至关重要。其次，我们注意到相互学习未能利用网络自身的伪标签改进能力。因此，我们介绍了自我整改，利用内部知识，并在相互教学前明确地整流伪标签。这种自我整改和共同教学在整个学习过程中协同提高了伪标签准确性。所提出的强大相互学习在低数据制度中展示了最先进的性能。

半监督学习是一个具有挑战性的问题，旨在通过从有限标记的例子学习来构建模型。此任务的许多方法侧重于利用单独的未标记实例的预测，以单独进行正规化网络。然而，分别处理标记和未标记的数据通常导致从标记的例子中学习的质量事先知识的丢弃。 ％，并且未能在标记和未标记的图像对之间的特征交互。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的半监督语义细分方法，名为Guidedmix-Net，通过利用标签信息来指导未标记的实例的学习。具体而言，Guidedmix-Net采用三种操作：1）类似标记的未标记图像对的插值; 2）转让互动信息; 3）伪面具的概括。它使分段模型可以通过将知识从标记的样本转移到未标记的数据来学习未标记数据的更高质量的伪掩模。除了用于标记数据的监督学习之外，使用来自混合数据的生成的伪掩模共同学习未标记数据的预测。对Pascal VOC的大量实验2012年，城市景观展示了我们的Guidedmix-Net的有效性，这实现了竞争性的细分准确性，并与以前的方法相比，通过+7美元\％$大大改善Miou。

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved great success in leveraging a large amount of unlabeled data to learn a promising classifier. A popular approach is pseudo-labeling that generates pseudo labels only for those unlabeled data with high-confidence predictions. As for the low-confidence ones, existing methods often simply discard them because these unreliable pseudo labels may mislead the model. Nevertheless, we highlight that these data with low-confidence pseudo labels can be still beneficial to the training process. Specifically, although the class with the highest probability in the prediction is unreliable, we can assume that this sample is very unlikely to belong to the classes with the lowest probabilities. In this way, these data can be also very informative if we can effectively exploit these complementary labels, i.e., the classes that a sample does not belong to. Inspired by this, we propose a novel Contrastive Complementary Labeling (CCL) method that constructs a large number of reliable negative pairs based on the complementary labels and adopts contrastive learning to make use of all the unlabeled data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CCL significantly improves the performance on top of existing methods. More critically, our CCL is particularly effective under the label-scarce settings. For example, we yield an improvement of 2.43% over FixMatch on CIFAR-10 only with 40 labeled data.

In this paper, we present a novel cross-consistency based semi-supervised approach for semantic segmentation. Consistency training has proven to be a powerful semisupervised learning framework for leveraging unlabeled data under the cluster assumption, in which the decision boundary should lie in low density regions. In this work, we first observe that for semantic segmentation, the low density regions are more apparent within the hidden representations than within the inputs. We thus propose crossconsistency training, where an invariance of the predictions is enforced over different perturbations applied to the outputs of the encoder. Concretely, a shared encoder and a main decoder are trained in a supervised manner using the available labeled examples. To leverage the unlabeled examples, we enforce a consistency between the main decoder predictions and those of the auxiliary decoders, taking as inputs different perturbed versions of the encoder's output, and consequently, improving the encoder's representations. The proposed method is simple and can easily be extended to use additional training signal, such as image-level labels or pixel-level labels across different domains. We perform an ablation study to tease apart the effectiveness of each component, and conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate that our method achieves stateof-the-art results in several datasets.

半监督语义分割的流行方法主要采用了使用卷积神经网络（CNN）（CNN）的统一网络模型，并在应用于输入或模型的小型扰动上实施模型预测的一致性。但是，这种学习范式受到a）基于CNN模型的学习能力有限； b）学习未标记数据的判别特征的能力有限； c）从整个图像中对全球和本地信息的学习有限。在本文中，我们提出了一种新型的半监督学习方法，称为Transformer-CNN队列（TCC），该方法由两个基于视觉变压器（VIT）的学生组成，另一种是基于CNN的学生。我们的方法巧妙地通过伪标记来纳入预测和异质特征空间上的多级一致性正则化，用于未标记的数据。首先，由于VIT学生的输入是图像贴片，因此特征地图提取了编码至关重要的类统计。为此，我们建议首先利用每个学生作为伪标签并生成类吸引功能（CF）映射的班级感知功能一致性蒸馏（CFCD）。然后，它通过学生之间的CF地图传输知识。其次，随着VIT学生对所有层具有更统一的表示，我们提出一致性感知的交叉蒸馏以在类像素方面的预测之间转移知识。我们在CityScapes和Pascal VOC 2012数据集上验证了TCC框架，该数据集大大优于现有的半监督方法。

To date, most existing self-supervised learning methods are designed and optimized for image classification. These pre-trained models can be sub-optimal for dense prediction tasks due to the discrepancy between image-level prediction and pixel-level prediction. To fill this gap, we aim to design an effective, dense self-supervised learning method that directly works at the level of pixels (or local features) by taking into account the correspondence between local features. We present dense contrastive learning (DenseCL), which implements self-supervised learning by optimizing a pairwise contrastive (dis)similarity loss at the pixel level between two views of input images.Compared to the baseline method MoCo-v2, our method introduces negligible computation overhead (only <1% slower), but demonstrates consistently superior performance when transferring to downstream dense prediction tasks including object detection, semantic segmentation and instance segmentation; and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Specifically, over the strong MoCo-v2 baseline, our method achieves significant improvements of 2.0% AP on PASCAL VOC object detection, 1.1% AP on COCO object detection, 0.9% AP on COCO instance segmentation, 3.0% mIoU on PASCAL VOC semantic segmentation and 1.8% mIoU on Cityscapes semantic segmentation.