对仇恨言论和冒犯性语言（HOF）的认可通常是作为一项分类任务，以决定文本是否包含HOF。我们研究HOF检测是否可以通过考虑HOF和类似概念之间的关系来获利：（a）HOF与情感分析有关，因为仇恨言论通常是负面陈述并表达了负面意见； （b）这与情绪分析有关，因为表达的仇恨指向作者经历（或假装体验）愤怒的同时经历（或旨在体验）恐惧。 （c）最后，HOF的一个构成要素是提及目标人或群体。在此基础上，我们假设HOF检测在与这些概念共同建模时，在多任务学习设置中进行了改进。我们将实验基于这些概念的现有数据集（情感，情感，HOF的目标），并在Hasoc Fire 2021英语子任务1A中评估我们的模型作为参与者（作为IMS-Sinai团队）。基于模型选择实验，我们考虑了多个可用的资源和共享任务的提交，我们发现人群情绪语料库，Semeval 2016年情感语料库和犯罪2019年目标检测数据的组合导致F1 =。 79在基于BERT的多任务多任务学习模型中，与Plain Bert的.7895相比。在HASOC 2019测试数据上，该结果更为巨大，而F1中的增加2pp和召回大幅增加。在两个数据集（2019，2021）中，HOF类的召回量尤其增加（2019年数据的6pp和2021数据的3pp），表明MTL具有情感，情感和目标识别是适合的方法可能部署在社交媒体平台中的预警系统。

The health mention classification (HMC) task is the process of identifying and classifying mentions of health-related concepts in text. This can be useful for identifying and tracking the spread of diseases through social media posts. However, this is a non-trivial task. Here we build on recent studies suggesting that using emotional information may improve upon this task. Our study results in a framework for health mention classification that incorporates affective features. We present two methods, an intermediate task fine-tuning approach (implicit) and a multi-feature fusion approach (explicit) to incorporate emotions into our target task of HMC. We evaluated our approach on 5 HMC-related datasets from different social media platforms including three from Twitter, one from Reddit and another from a combination of social media sources. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach results in statistically significant performance gains on HMC tasks. By using the multi-feature fusion approach, we achieve at least a 3% improvement in F1 score over BERT baselines across all datasets. We also show that considering only negative emotions does not significantly affect performance on the HMC task. Additionally, our results indicate that HMC models infused with emotional knowledge are an effective alternative, especially when other HMC datasets are unavailable for domain-specific fine-tuning. The source code for our models is freely available at https://github.com/tahirlanre/Emotion_PHM.

情感是引人入胜的叙事的关键部分：文学向我们讲述了有目标，欲望，激情和意图的人。情绪分析是情感分析更广泛，更大的领域的一部分，并且在文学研究中受到越来越多的关注。过去，文学的情感维度主要在文学诠释学的背景下进行了研究。但是，随着被称为数字人文科学（DH）的研究领域的出现，在文学背景下对情绪的一些研究已经发生了计算转折。鉴于DH仍被形成为一个领域的事实，这一研究方向可以相对较新。在这项调查中，我们概述了现有的情感分析研究机构，以适用于文献。所评论的研究涉及各种主题，包括跟踪情节发展的巨大变化，对文学文本的网络分析以及了解文本的情感以及其他主题。

Social networking sites, blogs, and online articles are instant sources of news for internet users globally. However, in the absence of strict regulations mandating the genuineness of every text on social media, it is probable that some of these texts are fake news or rumours. Their deceptive nature and ability to propagate instantly can have an adverse effect on society. This necessitates the need for more effective detection of fake news and rumours on the web. In this work, we annotate four fake news detection and rumour detection datasets with their emotion class labels using transfer learning. We show the correlation between the legitimacy of a text with its intrinsic emotion for fake news and rumour detection, and prove that even within the same emotion class, fake and real news are often represented differently, which can be used for improved feature extraction. Based on this, we propose a multi-task framework for fake news and rumour detection, predicting both the emotion and legitimacy of the text. We train a variety of deep learning models in single-task and multi-task settings for a more comprehensive comparison. We further analyze the performance of our multi-task approach for fake news detection in cross-domain settings to verify its efficacy for better generalization across datasets, and to verify that emotions act as a domain-independent feature. Experimental results verify that our multi-task models consistently outperform their single-task counterparts in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, both for in-domain and cross-domain settings. We also qualitatively analyze the difference in performance in single-task and multi-task learning models.

自动识别仇恨和虐待内容对于打击有害在线内容及其破坏性影响的传播至关重要。大多数现有作品通过检查仇恨语音数据集中的火车测试拆分上的概括错误来评估模型。这些数据集通常在其定义和标记标准上有所不同，从而在预测新的域和数据集时会导致模型性能差。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的多任务学习（MTL）管道，该管道利用MTL在多个仇恨语音数据集中同时训练，以构建一个更包含的分类模型。我们通过采用保留的方案来模拟对新的未见数据集的评估，在该方案中，我们从培训中省略了目标数据集并在其他数据集中共同培训。我们的结果始终优于现有工作的大量样本。当在预测以前看不见的数据集时，在检查火车测试拆分中的概括误差和实质性改进时，我们会表现出强烈的结果。此外，我们组装了一个新颖的数据集，称为Pubfigs，重点是美国公共政治人物的问题。我们在PubFigs的305,235美元推文中自动发现有问题的语音，并发现了对公众人物的发布行为的见解。

在本文中，我们介绍了TweetNLP，这是社交媒体中自然语言处理（NLP）的集成平台。TweetNLP支持一套多样化的NLP任务，包括诸如情感分析和命名实体识别的通用重点领域，以及社交媒体特定的任务，例如表情符号预测和进攻性语言识别。特定于任务的系统由专门用于社交媒体文本的合理大小的基于变压器的语言模型（尤其是Twitter）提供动力，无需专用硬件或云服务即可运行。TweetNLP的主要贡献是：（1）使用适合社会领域的各种特定于任务的模型，用于支持社交媒体分析的现代工具包的集成python库；（2）使用我们的模型进行无编码实验的交互式在线演示；（3）涵盖各种典型社交媒体应用的教程。

情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪，并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是，即使没有明确提及情感名称，也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中，被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量，通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的，如果该人认为自己负责，是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的，例如，新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性，目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念，如果可以通过文本分类器预测，以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标，我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后，我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估，并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明，两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明，评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。

Detecting personal health mentions on social media is essential to complement existing health surveillance systems. However, annotating data for detecting health mentions at a large scale is a challenging task. This research employs a multitask learning framework to leverage available annotated data from a related task to improve the performance on the main task to detect personal health experiences mentioned in social media texts. Specifically, we focus on incorporating emotional information into our target task by using emotion detection as an auxiliary task. Our approach significantly improves a wide range of personal health mention detection tasks compared to a strong state-of-the-art baseline.

随着社交媒体平台上的开放文本数据的最新扩散，在过去几年中，文本的情感检测（ED）受到了更多关注。它有许多应用程序，特别是对于企业和在线服务提供商，情感检测技术可以通过分析客户/用户对产品和服务的感受来帮助他们做出明智的商业决策。在这项研究中，我们介绍了Armanemo，这是一个标记为七个类别的7000多个波斯句子的人类标记的情感数据集。该数据集是从不同资源中收集的，包括Twitter，Instagram和Digikala（伊朗电子商务公司）的评论。标签是基于埃克曼（Ekman）的六种基本情感（愤怒，恐惧，幸福，仇恨，悲伤，奇迹）和另一个类别（其他），以考虑Ekman模型中未包含的任何其他情绪。除数据集外，我们还提供了几种基线模型，用于情绪分类，重点是最新的基于变压器的语言模型。我们的最佳模型在我们的测试数据集中达到了75.39％的宏观平均得分。此外，我们还进行了转移学习实验，以将我们提出的数据集的概括与其他波斯情绪数据集进行比较。这些实验的结果表明，我们的数据集在现有的波斯情绪数据集中具有较高的概括性。 Armanemo可在https://github.com/arman-rayan-sharif/arman-text-emotion上公开使用。

对于政治和社会科学以及语言学和自然语言处理（NLP），它们都很有趣。退出研究涵盖了各个议会内的讨论。相比之下，我们将高级NLP方法应用于2017年至2020年之间的六个国家议会（保加利亚，捷克语，法语，斯洛文尼亚，西班牙语和英国）的联合和比较分析，其笔录是Parlamint数据集收集的一部分。使用统一的方法，我们分析了讨论，情感和情感的主题。我们评估说话者的年龄，性别和政治取向是否可以从演讲中检测到。结果表明，分析国家之间的一些共同点和许多令人惊讶的差异。

在文本情感分类中，相关标签的集合取决于域和应用程序方案，并且在模型开发时可能不知道。这与需要预定义的标签的经典学习范式相抵触。获得具有灵活标签的模型的解决方案是，将零局学习的范式用作自然语言推理任务，此外，它还增加了不需要任何标记的培训数据的优势。这就提出了一个问题，如何促使自然语言推断模型进行零击学习情绪分类。及时表述的选项包括单独的情感名称愤怒或“此文本表示愤怒”的陈述。在本文中，我们分析了基于自然推理的零射击分类器的敏感程度是对正在考虑的迅速考虑的更改：选择提示需要如何仔细选择？我们使用三种自然语言推论模型根据不同来源（推文，事件，博客）呈现不同语言寄存器的一组既定的情感数据集进行实验，并表明确实选择了特定及时配方的选择需要适合语料库。我们表明，可以通过多个提示的组合来应对这一挑战。与单个提示相比，这种合奏在整个语料库中更强大，并且与个人最佳提示的表现几乎相同。

道德框架和情感会影响各种在线和离线行为，包括捐赠，亲环境行动，政治参与，甚至参与暴力抗议活动。自然语言处理中的各种计算方法（NLP）已被用来从文本数据中检测道德情绪，但是为了在此类主观任务中取得更好的性能，需要大量的手工注销训练数据。事实证明，以前对道德情绪注释的语料库已被证明是有价值的，并且在NLP和整个社会科学中都产生了新的见解，但仅限于Twitter。为了促进我们对道德修辞的作用的理解，我们介绍了道德基础Reddit语料库，收集了16,123个reddit评论，这些评论已从12个不同的子雷迪维特策划，由至少三个训练有素的注释者手工注释，用于8种道德情绪（即护理，相称性，平等，纯洁，权威，忠诚，瘦道，隐含/明确的道德）基于更新的道德基础理论（MFT）框架。我们使用一系列方法来为这种新的语料库（例如跨域分类和知识转移）提供基线道德句子分类结果。

In this paper, we present a study of regret and its expression on social media platforms. Specifically, we present a novel dataset of Reddit texts that have been classified into three classes: Regret by Action, Regret by Inaction, and No Regret. We then use this dataset to investigate the language used to express regret on Reddit and to identify the domains of text that are most commonly associated with regret. Our findings show that Reddit users are most likely to express regret for past actions, particularly in the domain of relationships. We also found that deep learning models using GloVe embedding outperformed other models in all experiments, indicating the effectiveness of GloVe for representing the meaning and context of words in the domain of regret. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the nature and prevalence of regret on social media, as well as the potential of deep learning and word embeddings for analyzing and understanding emotional language in online text. These findings have implications for the development of natural language processing algorithms and the design of social media platforms that support emotional expression and communication.

讽刺可以被定义为说或写讽刺与一个人真正想表达的相反，通常是为了侮辱，刺激或娱乐某人。由于文本数据中讽刺性的性质晦涩难懂，因此检测到情感分析研究社区的困难和非常感兴趣。尽管讽刺检测的研究跨越了十多年，但最近已经取得了一些重大进步，包括在多模式环境中采用了无监督的预训练的预训练的变压器，并整合了环境以识别讽刺。在这项研究中，我们旨在简要概述英语计算讽刺研究的最新进步和趋势。我们描述了与讽刺有关的相关数据集，方法，趋势，问题，挑战和任务，这些数据集，趋势，问题，挑战和任务是无法检测到的。我们的研究提供了讽刺数据集，讽刺特征及其提取方法以及各种方法的性能分析，这些表可以帮助相关领域的研究人员了解当前的讽刺检测中最新实践。

Hope is characterized as openness of spirit toward the future, a desire, expectation, and wish for something to happen or to be true that remarkably affects human's state of mind, emotions, behaviors, and decisions. Hope is usually associated with concepts of desired expectations and possibility/probability concerning the future. Despite its importance, hope has rarely been studied as a social media analysis task. This paper presents a hope speech dataset that classifies each tweet first into "Hope" and "Not Hope", then into three fine-grained hope categories: "Generalized Hope", "Realistic Hope", and "Unrealistic Hope" (along with "Not Hope"). English tweets in the first half of 2022 were collected to build this dataset. Furthermore, we describe our annotation process and guidelines in detail and discuss the challenges of classifying hope and the limitations of the existing hope speech detection corpora. In addition, we reported several baselines based on different learning approaches, such as traditional machine learning, deep learning, and transformers, to benchmark our dataset. We evaluated our baselines using weighted-averaged and macro-averaged F1-scores. Observations show that a strict process for annotator selection and detailed annotation guidelines enhanced the dataset's quality. This strict annotation process resulted in promising performance for simple machine learning classifiers with only bi-grams; however, binary and multiclass hope speech detection results reveal that contextual embedding models have higher performance in this dataset.

本文介绍了对土耳其语可用于的语料库和词汇资源的全面调查。我们审查了广泛的资源，重点关注公开可用的资源。除了提供有关可用语言资源的信息外，我们还提供了一组建议，并确定可用于在土耳其语言学和自然语言处理中进行研究和建筑应用的数据中的差距。

仇恨言论等攻击性内容的广泛构成了越来越多的社会问题。 AI工具是支持在线平台的审核过程所必需的。为了评估这些识别工具，需要与不同语言的数据集进行连续实验。 HASOC轨道（仇恨语音和冒犯性内容识别）专用于为此目的开发基准数据。本文介绍了英语，印地语和马拉地赛的Hasoc Subtrack。数据集由Twitter组装。此子系统有两个子任务。任务A是为所有三种语言提供的二进制分类问题（仇恨而非冒犯）。任务B是三个课程（仇恨）仇恨言论，令人攻击和亵渎为英语和印地语提供的细粒度分类问题。总体而言，652名队伍提交了652次。任务A最佳分类算法的性能分别为Marathi，印地语和英语的0.91,0.78和0.83尺寸。此概述介绍了任务和数据开发以及详细结果。提交竞争的系统应用了各种技术。最好的表演算法主要是变压器架构的变种。

The widespread of offensive content online, such as hate speech and cyber-bullying, is a global phenomenon. This has sparked interest in the artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) communities, motivating the development of various systems trained to detect potentially harmful content automatically. These systems require annotated datasets to train the machine learning (ML) models. However, with a few notable exceptions, most datasets on this topic have dealt with English and a few other high-resource languages. As a result, the research in offensive language identification has been limited to these languages. This paper addresses this gap by tackling offensive language identification in Sinhala, a low-resource Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 17 million people in Sri Lanka. We introduce the Sinhala Offensive Language Dataset (SOLD) and present multiple experiments on this dataset. SOLD is a manually annotated dataset containing 10,000 posts from Twitter annotated as offensive and not offensive at both sentence-level and token-level, improving the explainability of the ML models. SOLD is the first large publicly available offensive language dataset compiled for Sinhala. We also introduce SemiSOLD, a larger dataset containing more than 145,000 Sinhala tweets, annotated following a semi-supervised approach.

In recent years, there has been increased interest in building predictive models that harness natural language processing and machine learning techniques to detect emotions from various text sources, including social media posts, micro-blogs or news articles. Yet, deployment of such models in real-world sentiment and emotion applications faces challenges, in particular poor out-of-domain generalizability. This is likely due to domain-specific differences (e.g., topics, communicative goals, and annotation schemes) that make transfer between different models of emotion recognition difficult. In this work we propose approaches for text-based emotion detection that leverage transformer models (BERT and RoBERTa) in combination with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks trained on a comprehensive set of psycholinguistic features. First, we evaluate the performance of our models within-domain on two benchmark datasets: GoEmotion and ISEAR. Second, we conduct transfer learning experiments on six datasets from the Unified Emotion Dataset to evaluate their out-of-domain robustness. We find that the proposed hybrid models improve the ability to generalize to out-of-distribution data compared to a standard transformer-based approach. Moreover, we observe that these models perform competitively on in-domain data.

具有讽刺意味的是日常交流中普遍存在的象征性语言。以前，许多研究人员已经从语言，认知科学和计算方面进行了讽刺。最近，由于自然语言处理（NLP）深度神经模型的快速发展，自动讽刺加工中已经看到了一些进展。在本文中，我们将提供有关计算讽刺，语言理论和认知科学的见解及其与下游NLP任务以及新提出的多X讽刺性处理观点的全面概述。