Ultra-fine entity typing (UFET) aims to predict a wide range of type phrases that correctly describe the categories of a given entity mention in a sentence. Most recent works infer each entity type independently, ignoring the correlations between types, e.g., when an entity is inferred as a president, it should also be a politician and a leader. To this end, we use an undirected graphical model called pairwise conditional random field (PCRF) to formulate the UFET problem, in which the type variables are not only unarily influenced by the input but also pairwisely relate to all the other type variables. We use various modern backbones for entity typing to compute unary potentials, and derive pairwise potentials from type phrase representations that both capture prior semantic information and facilitate accelerated inference. We use mean-field variational inference for efficient type inference on very large type sets and unfold it as a neural network module to enable end-to-end training. Experiments on UFET show that the Neural-PCRF consistently outperforms its backbones with little cost and results in a competitive performance against cross-encoder based SOTA while being thousands of times faster. We also find Neural- PCRF effective on a widely used fine-grained entity typing dataset with a smaller type set. We pack Neural-PCRF as a network module that can be plugged onto multi-label type classifiers with ease and release it in https://github.com/modelscope/adaseq/tree/master/examples/NPCRF.

Ultra-fine entity typing (UFET) predicts extremely free-formed types (e.g., president, politician) of a given entity mention (e.g., Joe Biden) in context. State-of-the-art (SOTA) methods use the cross-encoder (CE) based architecture. CE concatenates the mention (and its context) with each type and feeds the pairs into a pretrained language model (PLM) to score their relevance. It brings deeper interaction between mention and types to reach better performance but has to perform N (type set size) forward passes to infer types of a single mention. CE is therefore very slow in inference when the type set is large (e.g., N = 10k for UFET). To this end, we propose to perform entity typing in a recall-expand-filter manner. The recall and expand stages prune the large type set and generate K (K is typically less than 256) most relevant type candidates for each mention. At the filter stage, we use a novel model called MCCE to concurrently encode and score these K candidates in only one forward pass to obtain the final type prediction. We investigate different variants of MCCE and extensive experiments show that MCCE under our paradigm reaches SOTA performance on ultra-fine entity typing and is thousands of times faster than the cross-encoder. We also found MCCE is very effective in fine-grained (130 types) and coarse-grained (9 types) entity typing. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/modelscope/AdaSeq/tree/master/examples/MCCE}.

我们研究了很少的细粒实体键入（FET）的问题，其中只有几个带注释的实体对每种实体类型提供了上下文。最近，基于及时的调整通过将实体类型分类任务作为“填补空白”的问题来表明在几次射击方案中表现出优越的性能。这允许有效利用预训练的语言模型（PLM）的强语建模能力。尽管当前基于及时的调整方法成功了，但仍有两个主要挑战：（1）提示中的口头化器要么是由外部知识基础手动设计或构建的，而无需考虑目标语料库和标签层次结构信息，而且（2）当前方法主要利用PLM的表示能力，但没有通过广泛的通用域预训练来探索其产生的功率。在这项工作中，我们为由两个模块组成的几个弹药fet提出了一个新颖的框架：（1）实体类型标签解释模块自动学习将类型标签与词汇联系起来，通过共同利用几个播放实例和标签层次结构和标签层次结构，以及（2）基于类型的上下文化实例生成器根据给定实例生成新实例，以扩大培训集以更好地概括。在三个基准数据集上，我们的模型优于大量利润的现有方法。可以在https://github.com/teapot123/fine-graining-entity-typing上找到代码。

细颗粒实体打字（FET）旨在推断本文中提及的特定语义类型。 FET的现代方法主要集中于学习某种类型的外观。很少有作品直接建模类型差异，也就是说，让模型知道一种类型与其他类型不同的程度。为了减轻这个问题，我们提出了一种富含类型的FET的分层对比策略。我们的方法可以直接建模层次类型之间的差异，并提高区分多元类似类型的能力。一方面，我们将类型嵌入到实体上下文中，以使类型的信息直接感知。另一方面，我们在层次结构上设计了一个约束的对比策略，以直接建模类型差异，这可以同时感知不同粒度下类型之间的区分性。 BBN，Ontonotes和Figer的三个基准测试的实验结果表明，我们的方法通过有效建模类型差异在FET上实现了显着性能。

跨度提取，旨在从纯文本中提取文本跨度（如单词或短语），是信息提取中的基本过程。最近的作品介绍了通过将跨度提取任务正式化为问题（QA正式化）的跨度提取任务来提高文本表示，以实现最先进的表现。然而，QA正规化并没有充分利用标签知识并遭受培训/推理的低效率。为了解决这些问题，我们介绍了一种新的范例来整合标签知识，并进一步提出一个小说模型，明确有效地将标签知识集成到文本表示中。具体而言，它独立地编码文本和标签注释，然后将标签知识集成到文本表示中，并使用精心设计的语义融合模块进行文本表示。我们在三个典型的跨度提取任务中进行广泛的实验：扁平的网，嵌套网和事件检测。实证结果表明，我们的方法在四个基准测试中实现了最先进的性能，而且分别将培训时间和推理时间降低76％和77％，与QA形式化范例相比。我们的代码和数据可在https://github.com/apkepers/lear中获得。

Prior works on Information Extraction (IE) typically predict different tasks and instances (e.g., event triggers, entities, roles, relations) independently, while neglecting their interactions and leading to model inefficiency. In this work, we introduce a joint IE framework, HighIE, that learns and predicts multiple IE tasks by integrating high-order cross-task and cross-instance dependencies. Specifically, we design two categories of high-order factors: homogeneous factors and heterogeneous factors. Then, these factors are utilized to jointly predict labels of all instances. To address the intractability problem of exact high-order inference, we incorporate a high-order neural decoder that is unfolded from a mean-field variational inference method. The experimental results show that our approach achieves consistent improvements on three IE tasks compared with our baseline and prior work.

我们介绍了精致的，这是一种有效的端到端实体链接模型，该模型使用精细的实体类型和实体描述来执行链接。该模型执行提及的检测，细粒实体键入以及单个向前传球中文档中所有提及的实体歧义，使其比现有方法快60倍以上。精制还超过了标准实体链接数据集的最先进性能，平均比3.7 F1。该模型能够将其推广到大规模的知识库，例如Wikidata（其实体是Wikipedia的15倍）和零拍的实体链接。速度，准确性和规模的结合使精制成为从网络规模数据集中提取实体的有效且具有成本效益的系统，该数据集已成功部署该模型。我们的代码和预培训模型可在https://github.com/alexa/refined上找到

Neural language representation models such as BERT pre-trained on large-scale corpora can well capture rich semantic patterns from plain text, and be fine-tuned to consistently improve the performance of various NLP tasks. However, the existing pre-trained language models rarely consider incorporating knowledge graphs (KGs), which can provide rich structured knowledge facts for better language understanding. We argue that informative entities in KGs can enhance language representation with external knowledge. In this paper, we utilize both large-scale textual corpora and KGs to train an enhanced language representation model (ERNIE), which can take full advantage of lexical, syntactic, and knowledge information simultaneously. The experimental results have demonstrated that ERNIE achieves significant improvements on various knowledge-driven tasks, and meanwhile is comparable with the state-of-the-art model BERT on other common NLP tasks. The source code and experiment details of this paper can be obtained from https:// github.com/thunlp/ERNIE.

几乎没有命名的实体识别（NER）对于在有限的资源领域中标记的实体标记至关重要，因此近年来受到了适当的关注。现有的几声方法主要在域内设置下进行评估。相比之下，对于这些固有的忠实模型如何使用一些标记的域内示例在跨域NER中执行的方式知之甚少。本文提出了一种两步以理性为中心的数据增强方法，以提高模型的泛化能力。几个数据集中的结果表明，与先前的最新方法相比，我们的模型无形方法可显着提高跨域NER任务的性能，包括反事实数据增强和及时调用方法。我们的代码可在\ url {https://github.com/lifan-yuan/factmix}上获得。

关系提取（RE）是自然语言处理的基本任务。RE试图通过识别文本中的实体对之间的关系信息来将原始的，非结构化的文本转变为结构化知识。RE有许多用途，例如知识图完成，文本摘要，提问和搜索查询。RE方法的历史可以分为四个阶段：基于模式的RE，基于统计的RE，基于神经的RE和大型语言模型的RE。这项调查始于对RE的早期阶段的一些示例性作品的概述，突出了局限性和缺点，以使进度相关。接下来，我们回顾流行的基准测试，并严格检查用于评估RE性能的指标。然后，我们讨论遥远的监督，这是塑造现代RE方法发展的范式。最后，我们回顾了重点是降级和培训方法的最新工作。

文档级关系提取（DRE）旨在识别两个实体之间的关系。实体可以对应于超越句子边界的多个提升。以前很少有研究已经调查了提及集成，这可能是有问题的，因为库鲁弗提到对特定关系没有同样有贡献。此外，事先努力主要关注实体级的推理，而不是捕获实体对之间的全局相互作用。在本文中，我们提出了两种新颖的技术，上下文指导的集成和交互推理（CGM2IR），以改善DRE。而不是简单地应用平均池，而是利用上下文来指导在加权和方式中的经验提升的集成。另外，对实体对图的相互作用推理在实体对图上执行迭代算法，以模拟关系的相互依赖性。我们在三个广泛使用的基准数据集中评估我们的CGM2IR模型，即Docred，CDR和GDA。实验结果表明，我们的模型优于以前的最先进的模型。

到目前为止，命名实体识别（ner）已经参与了三种主要类型，包括平面，重叠（嵌套）和不连续的ner，主要是单独研究。最近，为统一的人员建立了一个日益增长的兴趣，并与一个单一模型同时解决上述三个工作。当前最佳性能的方法主要包括基于跨度和序列到序列的模型，不幸的是，前者仅关注边界识别，后者可能遭受暴露偏差。在这项工作中，我们通过将统一的ner建模为Word-Word关系分类来提出一种小说替代方案，即W ^ 2ner。通过有效地建模具有下面邻近字（NNW）和尾页字 - *（THW- *）关系的实体单词之间的邻近关系来解决统一网内的内核瓶颈。基于W ^ 2ner方案，我们开发了一个神经框架，其中统一的网格被建模为单词对的2D网格。然后，我们提出了多粒度的2D卷积，以便更好地精炼网格表示。最后，共同预测器用于足够原因的单词关系。我们对14个广泛使用的基准数据集进行了广泛的实验，用于平板，重叠和不连续的NER（8英语和6个中文数据集），我们的型号击败了所有当前的顶级表演基线，推动了最先进的表演统一的网。

在本文中，我们试图通过引入深度学习模型的句法归纳偏见来建立两所学校之间的联系。我们提出了两个归纳偏见的家族，一个家庭用于选区结构，另一个用于依赖性结构。选区归纳偏见鼓励深度学习模型使用不同的单位（或神经元）分别处理长期和短期信息。这种分离为深度学习模型提供了一种方法，可以从顺序输入中构建潜在的层次表示形式，即更高级别的表示由高级表示形式组成，并且可以分解为一系列低级表示。例如，在不了解地面实际结构的情况下，我们提出的模型学会通过根据其句法结构组成变量和运算符的表示来处理逻辑表达。另一方面，依赖归纳偏置鼓励模型在输入序列中找到实体之间的潜在关系。对于自然语言，潜在关系通常被建模为一个定向依赖图，其中一个单词恰好具有一个父节点和零或几个孩子的节点。将此约束应用于类似变压器的模型之后，我们发现该模型能够诱导接近人类专家注释的有向图，并且在不同任务上也优于标准变压器模型。我们认为，这些实验结果为深度学习模型的未来发展展示了一个有趣的选择。

Many NLP tasks can be regarded as a selection problem from a set of options, such as classification tasks, multi-choice question answering, etc. Textual entailment (TE) has been shown as the state-of-the-art (SOTA) approach to dealing with those selection problems. TE treats input texts as premises (P), options as hypotheses (H), then handles the selection problem by modeling (P, H) pairwise. Two limitations: first, the pairwise modeling is unaware of other options, which is less intuitive since humans often determine the best options by comparing competing candidates; second, the inference process of pairwise TE is time-consuming, especially when the option space is large. To deal with the two issues, this work first proposes a contextualized TE model (Context-TE) by appending other k options as the context of the current (P, H) modeling. Context-TE is able to learn more reliable decision for the H since it considers various context. Second, we speed up Context-TE by coming up with Parallel-TE, which learns the decisions of multiple options simultaneously. Parallel-TE significantly improves the inference speed while keeping comparable performance with Context-TE. Our methods are evaluated on three tasks (ultra-fine entity typing, intent detection and multi-choice QA) that are typical selection problems with different sizes of options. Experiments show our models set new SOTA performance; particularly, Parallel-TE is faster than the pairwise TE by k times in inference. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/jiangshdd/LearningToSelect.

对于指定的实体识别（NER），基于序列标签和基于跨度的范例大不相同。先前的研究表明，这两个范式具有明显的互补优势，但是据我们所知，很少有模型试图在单个NER模型中利用这些优势。在我们以前的工作中，我们提出了一种称为捆绑学习（BL）的范式来解决上述问题。 BL范式将两个NER范式捆绑在一起，从而使NER模型通过加权总结每个范式的训练损失来共同调整其参数。但是，三个关键问题仍未解决：BL何时起作用？ BL为什么工作？ BL可以增强现有的最新（SOTA）NER模型吗？为了解决前两个问题，我们实施了三个NER模型，涉及一个基于序列标签的模型-Seqner，Seqner，一个基于跨度的NER模型 - 机器人，以及将Seqner和Spanner捆绑在一起的BL-NER。我们根据来自五个域的11个NER数据集的实验结果得出两个关于这两个问题的结论。然后，我们将BL应用于现有的五个SOTA NER模型，以研究第三期，包括三个基于序列标签的模型和两个基于SPAN的模型。实验结果表明，BL始终提高其性能，表明可以通过将BL纳入当前的SOTA系统来构建新的SOTA NER系统。此外，我们发现BL降低了实体边界和类型预测错误。此外，我们比较了两种常用的标签标签方法以及三种类型的跨度语义表示。

Document-level relation extraction faces two overlooked challenges: long-tail problem and multi-label problem. Previous work focuses mainly on obtaining better contextual representations for entity pairs, hardly address the above challenges. In this paper, we analyze the co-occurrence correlation of relations, and introduce it into DocRE task for the first time. We argue that the correlations can not only transfer knowledge between data-rich relations and data-scarce ones to assist in the training of tailed relations, but also reflect semantic distance guiding the classifier to identify semantically close relations for multi-label entity pairs. Specifically, we use relation embedding as a medium, and propose two co-occurrence prediction sub-tasks from both coarse- and fine-grained perspectives to capture relation correlations. Finally, the learned correlation-aware embeddings are used to guide the extraction of relational facts. Substantial experiments on two popular DocRE datasets are conducted, and our method achieves superior results compared to baselines. Insightful analysis also demonstrates the potential of relation correlations to address the above challenges.

Recently, discrete latent variable models have received a surge of interest in both Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision (CV), attributed to their comparable performance to the continuous counterparts in representation learning, while being more interpretable in their predictions. In this paper, we develop a topic-informed discrete latent variable model for semantic textual similarity, which learns a shared latent space for sentence-pair representation via vector quantization. Compared with previous models limited to local semantic contexts, our model can explore richer semantic information via topic modeling. We further boost the performance of semantic similarity by injecting the quantized representation into a transformer-based language model with a well-designed semantic-driven attention mechanism. We demonstrate, through extensive experiments across various English language datasets, that our model is able to surpass several strong neural baselines in semantic textual similarity tasks.

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with an average of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to the high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment (155,000+ ICD code candidates) and the long-tail challenge - Many ICD codes are infrequently assigned yet infrequent ICD codes are important clinically. This study addresses the long-tail challenge by transforming this multi-label classification task into an autoregressive generation task. Specifically, we first introduce a novel pretraining objective to generate free text diagnoses and procedure using the SOAP structure, the medical logic physicians use for note documentation. Second, instead of directly predicting the high dimensional space of ICD codes, our model generates the lower dimension of text descriptions, which then infer ICD codes. Third, we designed a novel prompt template for multi-label classification. We evaluate our Generation with Prompt model with the benchmark of all code assignment (MIMIC-III-full) and few shot ICD code assignment evaluation benchmark (MIMIC-III-few). Experiments on MIMIC-III-few show that our model performs with a marco F1 30.2, which substantially outperforms the previous MIMIC-III-full SOTA model (marco F1 4.3) and the model specifically designed for few/zero shot setting (marco F1 18.7). Finally, we design a novel ensemble learner, a cross attention reranker with prompts, to integrate previous SOTA and our best few-shot coding predictions. Experiments on MIMIC-III-full show that our ensemble learner substantially improves both macro and micro F1, from 10.4 to 14.6 and from 58.2 to 59.1, respectively.

外部知识，例如实体和实体描述，可以帮助人类理解文本。已经探索了许多作品，以在预训练的模型中包括外部知识。通常，这些方法通常会设计预训练任务，并通过更新模型权重来隐式介绍知识，或者，将其直接与原始文本一起使用。尽管有效，但是有一些局限性。一方面，它是隐式的，只关注模型权重，预先训练的实体嵌入被忽略。另一方面，实体描述可能很漫长，并且与原始文本一起输入模型可能会分散模型的注意力。本文旨在在微调阶段明确包含实体和实体描述。首先，预训练的实体嵌入与原始文本表示融合在一起，并由backbone模型逐层更新。其次，描述由骨干模型外的知识模块表示，每个知识层选择性地连接到一个骨干层以进行融合。第三，两个与知识相关的辅助任务，即实体/描述增强和实体增强/污染任务，旨在平滑进化表示的语义差距。我们对四个面向知识的任务和两个常见任务进行了实验，结果在几个数据集上实现了新的最新时间。此外，我们进行了一项消融研究，以表明我们方法中的每个模块都是必要的。该代码可在https://github.com/lshowway/ered上获得。

As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.