多代理增强学习(MARL)最近在各个领域取得了巨大的成功。但是,借助黑盒神经网络架构,现有的MARL方法以不透明的方式做出决策,使人无法理解学习知识以及输入观察如何影响决策。我们的解决方案是混合经常性的软决策树(MixRTS),这是一种可解释的新型结构,可以通过决策树的根到叶子路径来表示明确的决策过程。我们在软决策树中引入了一种新颖的经常性结构,以解决部分观察性,并通过仅基于局部观察结果线性混合复发树的输出来估算关节作用值。理论分析表明,混合物在分解中保证具有添加性和单调性的结构约束。我们在一系列具有挑战性的Starcraft II任务上评估MixRT。实验结果表明,与广泛研究的基线相比,我们的可解释的学习框架获得了竞争性能,并提供了对决策过程的更直接的解释和领域知识。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made prominent progress in recent years. For training efficiency and scalability, most of the MARL algorithms make all agents share the same policy or value network. However, in many complex multi-agent tasks, different agents are expected to possess specific abilities to handle different subtasks. In those scenarios, sharing parameters indiscriminately may lead to similar behavior across all agents, which will limit the exploration efficiency and degrade the final performance. To balance the training complexity and the diversity of agent behavior, we propose a novel framework to learn dynamic subtask assignment (LDSA) in cooperative MARL. Specifically, we first introduce a subtask encoder to construct a vector representation for each subtask according to its identity. To reasonably assign agents to different subtasks, we propose an ability-based subtask selection strategy, which can dynamically group agents with similar abilities into the same subtask. In this way, agents dealing with the same subtask share their learning of specific abilities and different subtasks correspond to different specific abilities. We further introduce two regularizers to increase the representation difference between subtasks and stabilize the training by discouraging agents from frequently changing subtasks, respectively. Empirical results show that LDSA learns reasonable and effective subtask assignment for better collaboration and significantly improves the learning performance on the challenging StarCraft II micromanagement benchmark and Google Research Football.
translated by 谷歌翻译
In many real-world settings, a team of agents must coordinate their behaviour while acting in a decentralised way. At the same time, it is often possible to train the agents in a centralised fashion in a simulated or laboratory setting, where global state information is available and communication constraints are lifted. Learning joint actionvalues conditioned on extra state information is an attractive way to exploit centralised learning, but the best strategy for then extracting decentralised policies is unclear. Our solution is QMIX, a novel value-based method that can train decentralised policies in a centralised end-to-end fashion. QMIX employs a network that estimates joint action-values as a complex non-linear combination of per-agent values that condition only on local observations. We structurally enforce that the joint-action value is monotonic in the per-agent values, which allows tractable maximisation of the joint action-value in off-policy learning, and guarantees consistency between the centralised and decentralised policies. We evaluate QMIX on a challenging set of StarCraft II micromanagement tasks, and show that QMIX significantly outperforms existing value-based multi-agent reinforcement learning methods.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在复杂的协调问题中,深层合作多智能经纪增强学习(Marl)的高效探索仍然依然存在挑战。在本文中,我们介绍了一种具有奇妙驱动的探索的新型情节多功能钢筋学习,称为EMC。我们利用对流行分解的MARL算法的洞察力“诱导的”个体Q值,即用于本地执行的单个实用程序功能,是本地动作观察历史的嵌入,并且可以捕获因奖励而捕获代理之间的相互作用在集中培训期间的反向化。因此,我们使用单独的Q值的预测误差作为协调勘探的内在奖励,利用集肠内存来利用探索的信息经验来提高政策培训。随着代理商的个人Q值函数的动态捕获了国家的新颖性和其他代理人的影响,我们的内在奖励可以促使对新或有前途的国家的协调探索。我们通过教学实例说明了我们的方法的优势,并展示了在星际争霸II微互动基准中挑战任务的最先进的MARL基础上的其显着优势。
translated by 谷歌翻译
协作多代理增强学习(MARL)已在许多实际应用中广泛使用,在许多实际应用中,每个代理商都根据自己的观察做出决定。大多数主流方法在对分散的局部实用程序函数进行建模时,将每个局部观察结果视为完整的。但是,他们忽略了这样一个事实,即可以将局部观察信息进一步分为几个实体,只有一部分实体有助于建模推理。此外,不同实体的重要性可能会随着时间而变化。为了提高分散政策的性能,使用注意机制用于捕获本地信息的特征。然而,现有的注意模型依赖于密集的完全连接的图,并且无法更好地感知重要状态。为此,我们提出了一个稀疏的状态MARL(S2RL)框架,该框架利用稀疏的注意机制将无关的信息丢弃在局部观察中。通过自我注意力和稀疏注意机制估算局部效用函数,然后将其合并为标准的关节价值函数和中央评论家的辅助关节价值函数。我们将S2RL框架设计为即插即用的模块,使其足够一般,可以应用于各种方法。关于Starcraft II的广泛实验表明,S2RL可以显着提高许多最新方法的性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Starcraft II多代理挑战(SMAC)被创建为合作多代理增强学习(MARL)的具有挑战性的基准问题。 SMAC专注于星际争霸微管理的问题,并假设每个单元都由独立行动并仅具有本地信息的学习代理人单独控制;假定通过分散执行(CTDE)进行集中培训。为了在SMAC中表现良好,MARL算法必须处理多机构信贷分配和联合行动评估的双重问题。本文介绍了一种新的体系结构Transmix,这是一个基于变压器的联合行动值混合网络,与其他最先进的合作MARL解决方案相比,我们显示出高效且可扩展的。 Transmix利用变形金刚学习更丰富的混合功能的能力来结合代理的个人价值函数。它与以前的SMAC场景上的工作相当,并且在困难场景上胜过其他技术,以及被高斯噪音损坏的场景以模拟战争的雾。
translated by 谷歌翻译
深层合作的多方强化学习已经证明了其在各种复杂的控制任务上取得了巨大的成功。但是,多学院学习的最新进展主要集中在价值分解上,而使实体交互仍然交织在一起,这很容易导致对实体之间的嘈杂相互作用过度拟合。在这项工作中,我们引入了一种新型的交互模式分离(OPT)方法,以将关节值函数不仅置于分散执行的代理值函数中,还将实体交互作用到交互原型中,每种都代表了潜在的交互作用模式在实体的子组中。 OPT促进了无关实体之间的嘈杂相互作用,从而显着提高了普遍性和可解释性。具体而言,OPT引入了稀疏分歧机制,以鼓励发现的相互作用原型之间的稀疏性和多样性。然后,该模型通过具有可学习权重的聚合器选择将这些原型重组为紧凑的交互模式。为了减轻部分可观察性引起的训练不稳定性问题,我们建议最大程度地提高聚合权重与每个代理的历史行为之间的相互信息。单任务和多任务基准的实验表明,所提出的方法得出的结果优于最先进的对应。我们的代码将公开可用。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over a wide spectrum of complex control tasks. Despite the encouraging results achieved, the deep neural network-based backbone is widely deemed as a black box that impedes practitioners to trust and employ trained agents in realistic scenarios where high security and reliability are essential. To alleviate this issue, a large volume of literature devoted to shedding light on the inner workings of the intelligent agents has been proposed, by constructing intrinsic interpretability or post-hoc explainability. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of existing works on eXplainable RL (XRL) and introduce a new taxonomy where prior works are clearly categorized into model-explaining, reward-explaining, state-explaining, and task-explaining methods. We also review and highlight RL methods that conversely leverage human knowledge to promote learning efficiency and performance of agents while this kind of method is often ignored in XRL field. Some challenges and opportunities in XRL are discussed. This survey intends to provide a high-level summarization of XRL and to motivate future research on more effective XRL solutions. Corresponding open source codes are collected and categorized at https://github.com/Plankson/awesome-explainable-reinforcement-learning.
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们提出了一个名为“星际争霸多代理挑战”的新颖基准,代理商学习执行多阶段任务并使用没有精确奖励功能的环境因素。以前的挑战(SMAC)被认为是多名强化学习的标准基准,主要涉及确保所有代理人仅通过具有明显的奖励功能的精细操纵而合作消除接近对手。另一方面,这一挑战对MARL算法的探索能力有效地学习隐式多阶段任务和环境因素以及微控制感兴趣。这项研究涵盖了进攻和防御性场景。在进攻情况下,代理商必须学会先寻找对手,然后消除他们。防御性场景要求代理使用地形特征。例如,代理需要将自己定位在保护结构后面,以使敌人更难攻击。我们研究了SMAC+下的MARL算法,并观察到最近的方法在与以前的挑战类似,但在进攻情况下表现不佳。此外,我们观察到,增强的探索方法对性能有积极影响,但无法完全解决所有情况。这项研究提出了未来研究的新方向。
translated by 谷歌翻译
最先进的多机构增强学习(MARL)方法为各种复杂问题提供了有希望的解决方案。然而,这些方法都假定代理执行同步的原始操作执行,因此它们不能真正可扩展到长期胜利的真实世界多代理/机器人任务,这些任务固有地要求代理/机器人以异步的理由,涉及有关高级动作选择的理由。不同的时间。宏观行动分散的部分可观察到的马尔可夫决策过程(MACDEC-POMDP)是在完全合作的多代理任务中不确定的异步决策的一般形式化。在本论文中,我们首先提出了MacDec-Pomdps的一组基于价值的RL方法,其中允许代理在三个范式中使用宏观成果功能执行异步学习和决策:分散学习和控制,集中学习,集中学习和控制,以及分散执行的集中培训(CTDE)。在上述工作的基础上,我们在三个训练范式下制定了一组基于宏观行动的策略梯度算法,在该训练范式下,允许代理以异步方式直接优化其参数化策略。我们在模拟和真实的机器人中评估了我们的方法。经验结果证明了我们在大型多代理问题中的方法的优势,并验证了我们算法在学习具有宏观actions的高质量和异步溶液方面的有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,我们认为合作的多代理强化学习(MARL)具有稀疏的奖励。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种名为Maser:MARL的新方法,并具有从经验重播缓冲区产生的子目标。在广泛使用的集中式培训的假设下,通过分散执行和对MARL的Q值分解的一致性,Maser通过考虑单个Q值和总Q值来自动为多个代理人生成适当的子目标。然后,Maser根据与Q学习相关的可行表示为每个代理设计个人固有奖励,以便代理人达到其子目标,同时最大化联合行动值。数值结果表明,与其他最先进的MARL算法相比,Maser的表现明显优于Starcraft II微管理基准。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Recently, some challenging tasks in multi-agent systems have been solved by some hierarchical reinforcement learning methods. Inspired by the intra-level and inter-level coordination in the human nervous system, we propose a novel value decomposition framework HAVEN based on hierarchical reinforcement learning for fully cooperative multi-agent problems. To address the instability arising from the concurrent optimization of policies between various levels and agents, we introduce the dual coordination mechanism of inter-level and inter-agent strategies by designing reward functions in a two-level hierarchy. HAVEN does not require domain knowledge and pre-training, and can be applied to any value decomposition variant. Our method achieves desirable results on different decentralized partially observable Markov decision process domains and outperforms other popular multi-agent hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithms.
translated by 谷歌翻译
通过集中培训和分散执行的价值功能分解是有助于解决合作多功能协商强化任务的承诺。该地区QMIX的方法之一已成为最先进的,在星际争霸II微型管理基准上实现了最佳性能。然而,已知QMIX中每个代理估计的单调混合是限制它可以表示的关节动作Q值,以及单个代理价值函数估计的全局状态信息,通常导致子优相。为此,我们呈现LSF-SAC,这是一种新颖的框架,其具有基于变分推理的信息共享机制,作为额外的状态信息,以帮助在价值函数分子中提供各个代理。我们证明,这种潜在的个人状态信息共享可以显着扩展价值函数分解的力量,而通过软演员批评设计仍然可以在LSF-SAC中保持完全分散的执行。我们在星际争霸II微型管理挑战上评估LSF-SAC,并证明它在挑战协作任务方面优于几种最先进的方法。我们进一步设定了广泛的消融研究,以定位核算其绩效改进的关键因素。我们认为,这种新的洞察力可以导致新的地方价值估算方法和变分的深度学习算法。可以在https://sites.google.com/view/sacmm处找到演示视频和实现代码。
translated by 谷歌翻译
多项式增强学习(MARL)最近的许多突破都需要使用深层神经网络,这对于人类专家来说是挑战性的解释和理解。另一方面,现有的关于可解释的强化学习(RL)的工作在从神经网络中提取更可解释的决策树政策方面显示了有望,但仅在单一机构设置中。为了填补这一空白,我们提出了第一组算法,这些算法从接受MARL训练的神经网络中提取可解释的决策策略。第一种算法IVIPER将Viper扩展到了单代代理可解释的RL的最新方法到多代理设置。我们证明,艾维尔(Iviper)学习每个代理商的高质量决策树政策。为了更好地捕捉代理之间的协调,我们提出了一种新型的集中决策树培训算法,Maviper。 Maviper通过使用其预期的树来预测其他代理的行为,并使用重新采样来集中精力,以重点放在对其与其他代理相互作用至关重要的状态上,从而共同生长了每个代理的树木。我们表明,这两种算法通常都优于基础线,而在三种不同的多代理粒子世界环境上,受过iviper训练的药物比iviper训练的药物获得了更好的协调性能。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在合作的多代理增强学习(MARL)中,代理只能获得部分观察,有效利用本地信息至关重要。在长期观察期间,代理可以构建\ textit {意识},使队友减轻部分可观察性问题。但是,以前的MAL方法通常忽略了对本地信息的这种利用。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,多代理\ textit {本地信息分解,以意识到队友}(linda),代理商通过该框架学会分解本地信息并为每个队友建立意识。我们将意识模拟为随机随机变量并执行表示学习,以确保意识表示的信息,通过最大程度地提高意识与相应代理的实际轨迹之间的相互信息。 Linda对特定算法是不可知论的,可以灵活地集成到不同的MARL方法中。足够的实验表明,所提出的框架从当地的部分观察结果中学习了信息丰富的意识,以更好地协作并显着提高学习绩效,尤其是在具有挑战性的任务上。
translated by 谷歌翻译
The availability of challenging benchmarks has played a key role in the recent progress of machine learning. In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, the StarCraft Multi-Agent Challenge (SMAC) has become a popular testbed for centralised training with decentralised execution. However, after years of sustained improvement on SMAC, algorithms now achieve near-perfect performance. In this work, we conduct new analysis demonstrating that SMAC is not sufficiently stochastic to require complex closed-loop policies. In particular, we show that an open-loop policy conditioned only on the timestep can achieve non-trivial win rates for many SMAC scenarios. To address this limitation, we introduce SMACv2, a new version of the benchmark where scenarios are procedurally generated and require agents to generalise to previously unseen settings (from the same distribution) during evaluation. We show that these changes ensure the benchmark requires the use of closed-loop policies. We evaluate state-of-the-art algorithms on SMACv2 and show that it presents significant challenges not present in the original benchmark. Our analysis illustrates that SMACv2 addresses the discovered deficiencies of SMAC and can help benchmark the next generation of MARL methods. Videos of training are available at https://sites.google.com/view/smacv2
translated by 谷歌翻译
In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), many popular methods, such as VDN and QMIX, are susceptible to a critical multi-agent pathology known as relative overgeneralization (RO), which arises when the optimal joint action's utility falls below that of a sub-optimal joint action in cooperative tasks. RO can cause the agents to get stuck into local optima or fail to solve tasks that require significant coordination between agents within a given timestep. Recent value-based MARL algorithms such as QPLEX and WQMIX can overcome RO to some extent. However, our experimental results show that they can still fail to solve cooperative tasks that exhibit strong RO. In this work, we propose a novel approach called curriculum learning for relative overgeneralization (CURO) to better overcome RO. To solve a target task that exhibits strong RO, in CURO, we first fine-tune the reward function of the target task to generate source tasks that are tailored to the current ability of the learning agent and train the agent on these source tasks first. Then, to effectively transfer the knowledge acquired in one task to the next, we use a novel transfer learning method that combines value function transfer with buffer transfer, which enables more efficient exploration in the target task. We demonstrate that, when applied to QMIX, CURO overcomes severe RO problem and significantly improves performance, yielding state-of-the-art results in a variety of cooperative multi-agent tasks, including the challenging StarCraft II micromanagement benchmarks.
translated by 谷歌翻译
Multi-agent settings remain a fundamental challenge in the reinforcement learning (RL) domain due to the partial observability and the lack of accurate real-time interactions across agents. In this paper, we propose a new method based on local communication learning to tackle the multi-agent RL (MARL) challenge within a large number of agents coexisting. First, we design a new communication protocol that exploits the ability of depthwise convolution to efficiently extract local relations and learn local communication between neighboring agents. To facilitate multi-agent coordination, we explicitly learn the effect of joint actions by taking the policies of neighboring agents as inputs. Second, we introduce the mean-field approximation into our method to reduce the scale of agent interactions. To more effectively coordinate behaviors of neighboring agents, we enhance the mean-field approximation by a supervised policy rectification network (PRN) for rectifying real-time agent interactions and by a learnable compensation term for correcting the approximation bias. The proposed method enables efficient coordination as well as outperforms several baseline approaches on the adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) task and the StarCraft II multi-agent challenge (SMAC).
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文考虑了多智能经纪人强化学习(MARL)任务,代理商在集会结束时获得共享全球奖励。这种奖励的延迟性质影响了代理商在中间时间步骤中评估其行动质量的能力。本文侧重于开发学习焦点奖励的时间重新分布的方法,以获得密集奖励信号。解决这些MARL问题需要解决两个挑战:识别(1)沿着集发作(沿时间)的长度相对重要性,以及(2)在任何单一时间步骤(代理商中)的相对重要性。在本文中,我们介绍了奖励中的奖励再分配,在整容多智能体加固学习(Arel)中奖励再分配,以解决这两个挑战。 Arel使用注意机制来表征沿着轨迹(时间关注)对状态转换的动作的影响,以及每个代理在每个时间步骤(代理人注意)的影响。 Arel预测的重新分配奖励是密集的,可以与任何给定的MARL算法集成。我们评估了粒子世界环境的具有挑战性的任务和星际争霸多功能挑战。 arel导致粒子世界的奖励较高,并改善星际争端的胜利率与三个最先进的奖励再分配方法相比。我们的代码可在https://github.com/baicenxiao/arel获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
多代理增强学习(MARL)在价值函数分解方法的发展中见证了重大进展。由于单调性,它可以通过最大程度地分解每个代理实用程序来优化联合动作值函数。在本文中,我们表明,在部分可观察到的MARL问题中,代理商对自己的行为的订购可能会对代表功能类施加并发约束(跨不同状态),从而在培训期间造成重大估计错误。我们解决了这一限制,并提出了PAC,PAC是一个新的框架,利用了最佳联合行动选择的反事实预测产生的辅助信息,这可以通过新颖的反事实损失通过新颖的辅助来实现价值功能分解。开发了一种基于变异推理的信息编码方法,以从估计的基线收集和编码反事实预测。为了实现分散的执行,我们还得出了受最大收入MARL框架启发的分级分配的代理策略。我们评估了有关多代理捕食者捕食者和一组Starcraft II微管理任务的PAC。经验结果表明,在所有基准上,PAC对基于最先进的价值和基于策略的多代理增强学习算法的结果得到了改善。
translated by 谷歌翻译