我们介绍了关于多语言信息访问(MIA)2022共享任务的研讨会的结果,评估了16种类型上多样性的语言中的跨语性开放回程答案(QA)系统。在此任务中,我们在14种类型上多样化的语言中调整了两个大规模的跨语性开放式质疑QA数据集,并使用了2种代表性不足的语言中的新注释的开放式QA数据:Tagalog和Tamil。四个团队提交了他们的系统。利用迭代开采的最佳系统是不同的负面示例和较大的预审慎模型达到32.2 F1,表现优于我们的基线4.5分。第二最佳系统使用实体感知的上下文化表示文档检索,并在泰米尔语(20.8 F1)方面取得了重大改进,而其他大多数系统的得分几乎为零。
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我们描述了我们的两阶段系统用于多语言信息访问(MIA)2022关于跨语义开放回程问题的共享任务。第一阶段包括多种语通过的检索,并具有混合密集且稀疏的检索策略。第二阶段由读者组成,该读者从第一阶段返回的顶级段落中输出答案。我们展示了使用实体表示,稀疏检索信号来帮助稠密检索的功效以及fusion-In-indecoder。在开发集中,我们在XOR-TYDI QA上获得43.46 F1和MKQA的21.99 F1,平均F1分数为32.73。在测试集中,我们在XOR-TYDI QA上获得40.93 F1和MKQA上的22.29 F1,平均F1分数为31.61。在开发和测试集上,我们在官方基线上提高了4个F1点。
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Much recent progress in applications of machine learning models to NLP has been driven by benchmarks that evaluate models across a wide variety of tasks. However, these broad-coverage benchmarks have been mostly limited to English, and despite an increasing interest in multilingual models, a benchmark that enables the comprehensive evaluation of such methods on a diverse range of languages and tasks is still missing. To this end, we introduce the Cross-lingual TRansfer Evaluation of Multilingual Encoders (XTREME) benchmark, a multi-task benchmark for evaluating the cross-lingual generalization capabilities of multilingual representations across 40 languages and 9 tasks. We demonstrate that while models tested on English reach human performance on many tasks, there is still a sizable gap in the performance of cross-lingually transferred models, particularly on syntactic and sentence retrieval tasks. There is also a wide spread of results across languages. We release the benchmark 1 to encourage research on cross-lingual learning methods that transfer linguistic knowledge across a diverse and representative set of languages and tasks.
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Open-Domain Generative Question Answering has achieved impressive performance in English by combining document-level retrieval with answer generation. These approaches, which we refer to as GenQA, can generate complete sentences, effectively answering both factoid and non-factoid questions. In this paper, we extend GenQA to the multilingual and cross-lingual settings. For this purpose, we first introduce GenTyDiQA, an extension of the TyDiQA dataset with well-formed and complete answers for Arabic, Bengali, English, Japanese, and Russian. Based on GenTyDiQA, we design a cross-lingual generative model that produces full-sentence answers by exploiting passages written in multiple languages, including languages different from the question. Our cross-lingual generative system outperforms answer sentence selection baselines for all 5 languages and monolingual generative pipelines for three out of five languages studied.
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有关应答数据集和模型的研究在研究界中获得了很多关注。其中许多人释放了自己的问题应答数据集以及模型。我们在该研究领域看到了巨大的进展。本调查的目的是识别,总结和分析许多研究人员释放的现有数据集,尤其是在非英语数据集以及研究代码和评估指标等资源中。在本文中,我们审查了问题应答数据集,这些数据集可以以法语,德语,日语,中文,阿拉伯语,俄语以及多语言和交叉的问答数据集进行英语。
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我们在11个类型的类型不同语言中展示了一个用于单语言检索的多语言基准数据集的Tydi先生,旨在评估与学习的密集表示的排名。该资源的目标是以非英语语言的密集检索技术进行培训,最近的观察结果是当应用于分发超出数据时的表示学习的现有技术表现不佳。作为一个起点,我们基于我们称之为“MDPR”的多语言调整,为此新数据集提供零拍摄线。实验表明,尽管MDPR的有效性远低于BM25,但仍然似乎提供了有价值的相关信号,改善了BM25导致稀疏致密的杂种。除了对我们的结果分析外,我们还讨论了未来的挑战,并在多语言密集检索中展示了一个研究议程。Tydi先生可以在https://github.com/castorini/mr.tydi下载。
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为英语以外的其他语言构建有效的开放式问题答案(开放质量质量质量)系统可能是具有挑战性的,这主要是由于缺乏标记的培训数据。我们提出了一种数据有效的方法来引导此类系统,以使用英语以外的其他语言。我们的方法只需要在给定语言中,以及机器翻译的数据以及至少一个双语语言模型中有限的质量检查资源。为了评估我们的方法,我们为冰岛语言构建了这样的系统,并评估了Trivia风格数据集的性能。用于培训的语料库是英语的,但机器被翻译成冰岛。我们训练双语的冰岛/英语模型,以嵌入英语背景和冰岛问题,并在用密集酶引入的方法之后(Lee等,2021)。最终的系统是冰岛和英语之间的开放式域杂志系统。最后,该系统适用于仅冰岛开放式质量检查,以说明如何有效地创建开放的QA系统,而使用感兴趣的语言对策划数据集的访问有限。
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一种有效的横向传输方法是在一种语言中微调在监督数据集上的双语或多语言模型,并以零拍方式在另一种语言上进行评估。在培训时间或推理时间翻译例子也是可行的替代方案。然而,存在与文献中很少有关的这些方法相关的成本。在这项工作中,我们在其有效性(例如,准确性),开发和部署成本方面分析交叉语言方法,以及推理时间的延迟。我们的三个任务的实验表明最好的交叉方法是高度任务依赖性的。最后,通过结合零射和翻译方法,我们在这项工作中使用的三个数据集中实现了最先进的。基于这些结果,我们对目标语言手动标记的培训数据有所了解。代码和翻译的数据集可在https://github.com/unicamp-dl/cross-lingsual-analysis上获得
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Recently proposed systems for open-domain question answering (OpenQA) require large amounts of training data to achieve state-of-the-art performance. However, data annotation is known to be time-consuming and therefore expensive to acquire. As a result, the appropriate datasets are available only for a handful of languages (mainly English and Chinese). In this work, we introduce and publicly release PolQA, the first Polish dataset for OpenQA. It consists of 7,000 questions, 87,525 manually labeled evidence passages, and a corpus of over 7,097,322 candidate passages. Each question is classified according to its formulation, type, as well as entity type of the answer. This resource allows us to evaluate the impact of different annotation choices on the performance of the QA system and propose an efficient annotation strategy that increases the passage retrieval performance by 10.55 p.p. while reducing the annotation cost by 82%.
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In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.
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While the NLP community is generally aware of resource disparities among languages, we lack research that quantifies the extent and types of such disparity. Prior surveys estimating the availability of resources based on the number of datasets can be misleading as dataset quality varies: many datasets are automatically induced or translated from English data. To provide a more comprehensive picture of language resources, we examine the characteristics of 156 publicly available NLP datasets. We manually annotate how they are created, including input text and label sources and tools used to build them, and what they study, tasks they address and motivations for their creation. After quantifying the qualitative NLP resource gap across languages, we discuss how to improve data collection in low-resource languages. We survey language-proficient NLP researchers and crowd workers per language, finding that their estimated availability correlates with dataset availability. Through crowdsourcing experiments, we identify strategies for collecting high-quality multilingual data on the Mechanical Turk platform. We conclude by making macro and micro-level suggestions to the NLP community and individual researchers for future multilingual data development.
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可靠的评估基准是为了可复制性和全面性而设计的,在机器学习方面取得了进步。但是,由于缺乏多语言基准,视觉和语言研究主要集中在英语任务上。为了填补这一空白,我们介绍了图像的语言理解评估基准。 Iglue通过汇总已有的数据集并创建新的数据来汇集 - 视觉问题回答,跨模式检索,扎根的推理以及跨20种不同语言的扎根成本。我们的基准测试能够评估多语言多模型用于转移学习的模型,不仅在零弹位设置中,而且还以新定义的少数图学习设置。根据对可用最新模型的评估,我们发现翻译测试转移优于零弹性转移,并且对于许多任务而言,很难利用射击的学习。此外,下游性能部分用可用的未标记文本数据进行预处理来解释,并且仅通过目标源语言的类型学距离而微弱。我们希望通过向社区释放基准来鼓励该领域的未来研究工作。
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Translating training data into many languages has emerged as a practical solution for improving cross-lingual transfer. For tasks that involve span-level annotations, such as information extraction or question answering, an additional label projection step is required to map annotated spans onto the translated texts. Recently, a few efforts have utilized a simple mark-then-translate method to jointly perform translation and projection by inserting special markers around the labeled spans in the original sentence. However, as far as we are aware, no empirical analysis has been conducted on how this approach compares to traditional annotation projection based on word alignment. In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study across 42 languages and three tasks (QA, NER, and Event Extraction) to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of both methods, filling an important gap in the literature. Experimental results show that our optimized version of mark-then-translate, which we call EasyProject, is easily applied to many languages and works surprisingly well, outperforming the more complex word alignment-based methods. We analyze several key factors that affect end-task performance, and show EasyProject works well because it can accurately preserve label span boundaries after translation. We will publicly release all our code and data.
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由于伪造的信息广泛,事实检查引起了人们的关注。大多数事实核对方法仅仅是由于其他语言中的数据稀缺问题而侧重于英语的主张。缺乏低资源语言的事实检查数据集要求采用有效的跨语义转移技术来进行事实检查。此外,以不同语言的可信赖信息可以互补,有助于验证事实。为此,我们介绍了第一个以跨语性检索为增强的事实检查框架,该框架通过跨语言检索器汇总了从多种语言中获取的证据。鉴于缺乏具有索赔式查询的跨语性信息检索数据集,我们使用拟议的跨语性倒数式紧固任务(X-ICT)来训练检索器,这是一种自我监督的算法,该算法通过翻译一个标题来创建训练实例通道。 XICT的目标是学习跨语性检索,其中模型学会确定与给定翻译标题相对应的段落。在X-FACT数据集上,我们的方法在零击跨语言设置中比先前的系统实现了2.23%的绝对F1改进。源代码和数据可在https://github.com/khuangaf/concrete上公开获取。
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与辅助语言的元学习已经表明了对交叉语言自然语言处理的有希望的改进。然而,以前的研究采样使用相同语言的元培训和元测试数据,这限制了模型交叉传输的能力。在本文中,我们提出了XLA-MAML,在元学习阶段执行直接交叉调整。我们对自然语言推理和问题进行零射击和几次拍摄实验。实验结果表明了我们在不同语言,任务和预磨料模型中的方法的有效性。我们还对元学习的各种交叉特定设置进行了分析,包括采样策略和并行性。
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我们介绍了MTG,这是一套新的基准套件,用于培训和评估多语言文本生成。它是具有最大人类通知数据(400K)的第一次传播的多语言多路文本生成数据集。它包括五种语言(英语,德语,法语,西班牙语和中文)的四代任务(故事产生,问题生成,标题生成和文本摘要)。Multiway设置可以启用跨语言和任务的模型测试知识传输功能。使用MTG,我们从不同方面训练和分析了几种流行的多语言生成模型。我们的基准套件通过更多的人为宣传的并行数据促进了模型性能增强。它提供了各种一代方案的全面评估。代码和数据可在\ url {https://github.com/zide05/mtg}上获得。
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GPT-3等大型自回归语言模型是几秒钟的学习者,可以在没有微调的情况下执行各种语言任务。虽然已知这些模型能够共同代表许多不同的语言,但他们的培训数据由英语主导,可能限制了它们的交叉概括。在这项工作中,我们在覆盖多种语言的平衡语料库上培训多语言自回归语言模型,并在广泛的任务中研究他们几乎没有零点的学习能力。我们最大的模型,具有75亿参数,在20多种代表语言中,在几种代表语言中,在几种代表性语言中,在几种代表性语言中,在多语言型号推理中表现出可比大小的GPT-3(在0次设置和0次拍摄设置中的绝对精度改善+ 7.4% 4-拍摄设置中的9.4%)和自然语言推理(每次拍摄和4次设置中的每一个+ 5.4%)。在Flores-101机器翻译基准测试中,我们的模型优于GPT-3在182个翻译方向上有32个培训例子,同时超过45个方向的官方监督基线。我们介绍了模型成功和失败的位置的详细分析,特别是它尤其显示在某些任务中实现交叉语境的内容学习,而仍然存在改善表面的鲁棒性和适应没有a的任务的余地自然冻结形式。最后,我们评估我们在仇恨语音检测中以五种语言的仇恨语音检测的模型,并发现它具有与可比大小的GPT-3模型类似的限制。
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We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.
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信息检索是自然语言处理中的重要组成部分,用于知识密集型任务,如问题应答和事实检查。最近,信息检索已经看到基于神经网络的密集检索器的出现,作为基于术语频率的典型稀疏方法的替代方案。这些模型在数据集和任务中获得了最先进的结果,其中提供了大型训练集。但是,它们不会很好地转移到没有培训数据的新域或应用程序,并且通常因未经监督的术语 - 频率方法(例如BM25)的术语频率方法而言。因此,自然问题是如果没有监督,是否有可能训练密集的索取。在这项工作中,我们探讨了对比学习的限制,作为培训无人监督的密集检索的一种方式,并表明它导致强烈的检索性能。更确切地说,我们在15个数据集中出现了我们的模型胜过BM25的Beir基准测试。此外,当有几千例的示例可用时,我们显示微调我们的模型,与BM25相比,这些模型导致强大的改进。最后,当在MS-Marco数据集上微调之前用作预训练时,我们的技术在Beir基准上获得最先进的结果。
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MARCO排名数据集已广泛用于培训IR任务的深度学习模型,在不同的零射击方案上实现了相当大的效果。但是,这种类型的资源是英语以外的语言的稀缺。在这项工作中,我们呈现MMARCO,MS Marco段落的多语言版本,该数据集包括使用机器翻译创建的13种语言。我们通过微调单语和多语言重新排名模型以及此数据集的密集多语言模型进行了评估。实验结果表明,在我们翻译的数据集上微调微调的多语言模型可以单独对原始英文版的模型进行微调的卓越效果。我们蒸馏的多语言RE-RANKER与非蒸馏模型具有竞争力,而参数较少的5.4倍。最后,我们展现了翻译质量和检索效果之间的正相关性,提供了证据,即翻译方法的改进可能导致多语言信息检索的改进。翻译的数据集和微调模型可在https://github.com/unicamp-dl/mmarco.git上获得。
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