我们介绍了用于插槽，意图分类和虚拟助手评估的大规模数据集 - 数字亚马逊SLU资源包（SLURP）。大规模包含1M现实，平行，标记为虚拟助手的话语，涵盖51种语言，18个域，60个意图和55个插槽。通过任务专业翻译人员将仅英文slurp数据集定位为29属的50种类型多样性的语言来创建大规模。我们还介绍了XLM-R和MT5上的建模结果，包括精确的匹配精度，意图分类精度和插槽填充F1分数。我们已经公开发布了数据集，建模代码和模型。

在过去的十年中，对对话系统的兴趣已经大大增长。从扩展过程中，也有兴趣开发和改进意图分类和插槽填充模型，这是两个组件，这些组件通常在以任务为导向的对话框系统中使用。此外，良好的评估基准对于帮助比较和分析结合此类模型的系统很重要。不幸的是，该领域的许多文献仅限于对相对较少的基准数据集的分析。为了促进针对任务的对话系统的更强大的分析，我们对意图分类和插槽填充任务进行了公开可用数据集的调查。我们分类每个数据集的重要特征，并就每个数据集的适用性，优势和劣势进行讨论。我们的目标是，这项调查有助于提高这些数据集的可访问性，我们希望它们能够在未来评估意图分类和填充插槽模型中用于以任务为导向的对话框系统。

Task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems have been applied in a range of domains to support human users to achieve specific goals. Systems are typically constructed for a single domain or language and do not generalise well beyond this. Their extension to other languages in particular is restricted by the lack of available training data for many of the world's languages. To support work on Natural Language Understanding (NLU) in TOD across multiple languages and domains simultaneously, we constructed MULTI3NLU++, a multilingual, multi-intent, multi-domain dataset. MULTI3NLU++ extends the English-only NLU++ dataset to include manual translations into a range of high, medium and low resource languages (Spanish, Marathi, Turkish and Amharic), in two domains (banking and hotels). MULTI3NLU++ inherits the multi-intent property of NLU++, where an utterance may be labelled with multiple intents, providing a more realistic representation of a user's goals and aligning with the more complex tasks that commercial systems aim to model. We use MULTI3NLU++ to benchmark state-of-the-art multilingual language models as well as Machine Translation and Question Answering systems for the NLU task of intent detection for TOD systems in the multilingual setting. The results demonstrate the challenging nature of the dataset, particularly in the low-resource language setting.

Despite recent progress in Natural Language Understanding (NLU), the creation of multilingual NLU systems remains a challenge. It is common to have NLU systems limited to a subset of languages due to lack of available data. They also often vary widely in performance. We launch a three-phase approach to address the limitations in NLU and help propel NLU technology to new heights. We release a 52 language dataset called the Multilingual Amazon SLU resource package (SLURP) for Slot-filling, Intent classification, and Virtual assistant Evaluation, or MASSIVE, in an effort to address parallel data availability for voice assistants. We organize the Massively Multilingual NLU 2022 Challenge to provide a competitive environment and push the state-of-the art in the transferability of models into other languages. Finally, we host the first Massively Multilingual NLU workshop which brings these components together. The MMNLU workshop seeks to advance the science behind multilingual NLU by providing a platform for the presentation of new research in the field and connecting teams working on this research direction. This paper summarizes the dataset, workshop and the competition and the findings of each phase.

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

Token free approaches have been successfully applied to a series of word and span level tasks. In this work, we compare a byte-level (ByT5) and a wordpiece based (mT5) sequence to sequence model on the 51 languages of the MASSIVE multilingual semantic parsing dataset. We examine multiple experimental settings: (i) zero-shot, (ii) full gold data and (iii) zero-shot with synthetic data. By leveraging a state-of-the-art label projection method for machine translated examples, we are able to reduce the gap in exact match accuracy to only 5 points with respect to a model trained on gold data from all the languages. We additionally provide insights on the cross-lingual transfer of ByT5 and show how the model compares with respect to mT5 across all parameter sizes.

通常观察到的最先进的自然语言技术问题，例如亚马逊alexa和苹果公司，是他们的服务不会因语言障碍而扩展到大多数发展中国家的公民。这种种群因其语言缺乏可用资源来构建NLP产品。本文介绍了allwoz，一个多语言多域面向任务的客户服务对话框数据集覆盖八种语言：英语，普通话，韩语，越南语，印地语，法国，葡萄牙语和泰国。此外，我们通过使用mt5与元学习来创建多语言数据集的基准。

我们提出语言学家，这是一种通过微调Alexatm 5B生成带注释数据的方法，用于生成意图分类和插槽标记（IC+ST），这是一种5亿参数的多语言序列到序列（SEQ2SEQ）模型，在灵活的指令上迅速的。在SNIP数据集的10次新颖意图设置中，语言学家超过了最新的方法（反向翻译和示例外推），可以通过宽阔的边距，显示出IC回忆中+1.9点的目标意图的绝对改善ST F1分数和+2.5分。在MATIS ++数据集的零击跨语言设置中，语言学家表现出强大的机器翻译基线，插槽对齐的基线是+4.14的+4.14点在6个语言上绝对在ST F1分数上，同时在IC上匹配IC的性能。最后，我们在用于对话代理IC+ST的内部大规模多语言数据集上验证了我们的结果，并显示了使用背面翻译，释义和插槽目录重新采样采样的基线的显着改进。据我们所知，我们是第一个展示大规模SEQ2SEQ模型的指导微调的人，以控制多语言意图和插槽标记的数据生成的输出。

Translating training data into many languages has emerged as a practical solution for improving cross-lingual transfer. For tasks that involve span-level annotations, such as information extraction or question answering, an additional label projection step is required to map annotated spans onto the translated texts. Recently, a few efforts have utilized a simple mark-then-translate method to jointly perform translation and projection by inserting special markers around the labeled spans in the original sentence. However, as far as we are aware, no empirical analysis has been conducted on how this approach compares to traditional annotation projection based on word alignment. In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study across 42 languages and three tasks (QA, NER, and Event Extraction) to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of both methods, filling an important gap in the literature. Experimental results show that our optimized version of mark-then-translate, which we call EasyProject, is easily applied to many languages and works surprisingly well, outperforming the more complex word alignment-based methods. We analyze several key factors that affect end-task performance, and show EasyProject works well because it can accurately preserve label span boundaries after translation. We will publicly release all our code and data.

发展任务导向的对话助理的实用需求需要了解许多语言。多语言自然语言理解（NLU）的新型基准包括多种语言中的单声道句，用意图和插槽注释。在这种设置模型中，用于交叉传输在联合意图识别和槽填充方面表现出显着性能。然而，现有的基准缺乏代码切换话语，这难以收集和标签由于语法结构的复杂性。对于NLU模型的评估似乎偏见和有限，因为代码切换被遗漏了范围。我们的工作采用认可的方法来生成合理的和自然探测的代码切换话语，并使用它们来创建合成代码交换测试集。基于实验，我们报告说，最先进的NLU模型无法处理代码切换。在最糟糕的是，性能，通过语义精度评估，从横跨80 \％的8 \％的低至15 \％。此外，我们展示了，对合成码混合数据进行预训练有助于在具有单晶体数据的可比水平上保持所提出的测试中的性能。最后，我们分析了不同的语言对并表明语言越近，NLU模型越好地处理了交替。这符合对多语种模型在语言之间进行转移的共同理解

State-of-the-art natural language processing systems rely on supervision in the form of annotated data to learn competent models. These models are generally trained on data in a single language (usually English), and cannot be directly used beyond that language. Since collecting data in every language is not realistic, there has been a growing interest in crosslingual language understanding (XLU) and low-resource cross-language transfer. In this work, we construct an evaluation set for XLU by extending the development and test sets of the Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus (MultiNLI) to 15 languages, including low-resource languages such as Swahili and Urdu. We hope that our dataset, dubbed XNLI, will catalyze research in cross-lingual sentence understanding by providing an informative standard evaluation task. In addition, we provide several baselines for multilingual sentence understanding, including two based on machine translation systems, and two that use parallel data to train aligned multilingual bag-of-words and LSTM encoders. We find that XNLI represents a practical and challenging evaluation suite, and that directly translating the test data yields the best performance among available baselines.

可靠的评估基准是为了可复制性和全面性而设计的，在机器学习方面取得了进步。但是，由于缺乏多语言基准，视觉和语言研究主要集中在英语任务上。为了填补这一空白，我们介绍了图像的语言理解评估基准。 Iglue通过汇总已有的数据集并创建新的数据来汇集 - 视觉问题回答，跨模式检索，扎根的推理以及跨20种不同语言的扎根成本。我们的基准测试能够评估多语言多模型用于转移学习的模型，不仅在零弹位设置中，而且还以新定义的少数图学习设置。根据对可用最新模型的评估，我们发现翻译测试转移优于零弹性转移，并且对于许多任务而言，很难利用射击的学习。此外，下游性能部分用可用的未标记文本数据进行预处理来解释，并且仅通过目标源语言的类型学距离而微弱。我们希望通过向社区释放基准来鼓励该领域的未来研究工作。

Spoken language understanding (SLU) tasks have been studied for many decades in the speech research community, but have not received as much attention as lower-level tasks like speech and speaker recognition. In particular, there are not nearly as many SLU task benchmarks, and many of the existing ones use data that is not freely available to all researchers. Recent work has begun to introduce such benchmark datasets for several tasks. In this work, we introduce several new annotated SLU benchmark tasks based on freely available speech data, which complement existing benchmarks and address gaps in the SLU evaluation landscape. We contribute four tasks: question answering and summarization involve inference over longer speech sequences; named entity localization addresses the speech-specific task of locating the targeted content in the signal; dialog act classification identifies the function of a given speech utterance. We follow the blueprint of the Spoken Language Understanding Evaluation (SLUE) benchmark suite. In order to facilitate the development of SLU models that leverage the success of pre-trained speech representations, we will be publishing for each task (i) annotations for a relatively small fine-tuning set, (ii) annotated development and test sets, and (iii) baseline models for easy reproducibility and comparisons. In this work, we present the details of data collection and annotation and the performance of the baseline models. We also perform sensitivity analysis of pipeline models' performance (speech recognizer + text model) to the speech recognition accuracy, using more than 20 state-of-the-art speech recognition models.

我们介绍了一个大规模实验，该实验对编码器进行了预处理，其参数计数范围从700m到9.3b不等，随后蒸馏到较小的型号中，范围为17m-170亿参数，其应用到自然语言理解（NLU）组件（NLU）组件（虚拟助手系统。尽管我们使用70％的口语数据训练，但在对书面形式的跨语性自然语言推论（XNLI）语料库进行评估时，我们的教师模型与XLM-R和MT5相当。我们使用系统中的内域数据对教师模型进行了第二阶段的训练，以提高了3.86％的相对分类，而相对7.01％的插槽填充。我们发现，即使是从我们的2阶段教师模型中提取的170亿参数模型，与仅接受公共数据的2.3B参数老师相比，与2.3B参数老师相比，意图分类更好2.88％，并且7.69％的插槽填充错误率更好（第1阶段），强调了。内域数据对训练的重要性。当使用标记的NLU数据进行离线评估时，我们的17m参数阶段2蒸馏模型的表现分别优于XLM-R碱基（85m Params）和Distillbert（42m Params），分别优于4.23％至6.14％。最后，我们介绍了一个完整的虚拟助手实验平台的结果，在该平台中，我们发现使用经过预训练和蒸馏管道训练的模型超过了从8500万参数教师蒸馏的模型，在自动测量全系统用户不满的自动测量中，从8500万参数教师蒸馏出3.74％-4.91％。

JamPatoisNLI provides the first dataset for natural language inference in a creole language, Jamaican Patois. Many of the most-spoken low-resource languages are creoles. These languages commonly have a lexicon derived from a major world language and a distinctive grammar reflecting the languages of the original speakers and the process of language birth by creolization. This gives them a distinctive place in exploring the effectiveness of transfer from large monolingual or multilingual pretrained models. While our work, along with previous work, shows that transfer from these models to low-resource languages that are unrelated to languages in their training set is not very effective, we would expect stronger results from transfer to creoles. Indeed, our experiments show considerably better results from few-shot learning of JamPatoisNLI than for such unrelated languages, and help us begin to understand how the unique relationship between creoles and their high-resource base languages affect cross-lingual transfer. JamPatoisNLI, which consists of naturally-occurring premises and expert-written hypotheses, is a step towards steering research into a traditionally underserved language and a useful benchmark for understanding cross-lingual NLP.

One of the biggest challenges of natural language generation (NLG) is the proper handling of named entities. Named entities are a common source of grammar mistakes such as wrong prepositions, wrong article handling, or incorrect entity inflection. Without factoring linguistic representation, such errors are often underrepresented when evaluating on a small set of arbitrarily picked argument values, or when translating a dataset from a linguistically simpler language, like English, to a linguistically complex language, like Russian. However, for some applications, broadly precise grammatical correctness is critical -- native speakers may find entity-related grammar errors silly, jarring, or even offensive. To enable the creation of more linguistically diverse NLG datasets, we release a Corpus of Linguistically Significant Entities (CLSE) annotated by linguist experts. The corpus includes 34 languages and covers 74 different semantic types to support various applications from airline ticketing to video games. To demonstrate one possible use of CLSE, we produce an augmented version of the Schema-Guided Dialog Dataset, SGD-CLSE. Using the CLSE's entities and a small number of human translations, we create a linguistically representative NLG evaluation benchmark in three languages: French (high-resource), Marathi (low-resource), and Russian (highly inflected language). We establish quality baselines for neural, template-based, and hybrid NLG systems and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

While the NLP community is generally aware of resource disparities among languages, we lack research that quantifies the extent and types of such disparity. Prior surveys estimating the availability of resources based on the number of datasets can be misleading as dataset quality varies: many datasets are automatically induced or translated from English data. To provide a more comprehensive picture of language resources, we examine the characteristics of 156 publicly available NLP datasets. We manually annotate how they are created, including input text and label sources and tools used to build them, and what they study, tasks they address and motivations for their creation. After quantifying the qualitative NLP resource gap across languages, we discuss how to improve data collection in low-resource languages. We survey language-proficient NLP researchers and crowd workers per language, finding that their estimated availability correlates with dataset availability. Through crowdsourcing experiments, we identify strategies for collecting high-quality multilingual data on the Mechanical Turk platform. We conclude by making macro and micro-level suggestions to the NLP community and individual researchers for future multilingual data development.

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

Much recent progress in applications of machine learning models to NLP has been driven by benchmarks that evaluate models across a wide variety of tasks. However, these broad-coverage benchmarks have been mostly limited to English, and despite an increasing interest in multilingual models, a benchmark that enables the comprehensive evaluation of such methods on a diverse range of languages and tasks is still missing. To this end, we introduce the Cross-lingual TRansfer Evaluation of Multilingual Encoders (XTREME) benchmark, a multi-task benchmark for evaluating the cross-lingual generalization capabilities of multilingual representations across 40 languages and 9 tasks. We demonstrate that while models tested on English reach human performance on many tasks, there is still a sizable gap in the performance of cross-lingually transferred models, particularly on syntactic and sentence retrieval tasks. There is also a wide spread of results across languages. We release the benchmark 1 to encourage research on cross-lingual learning methods that transfer linguistic knowledge across a diverse and representative set of languages and tasks.

GPT-3等大型自回归语言模型是几秒钟的学习者，可以在没有微调的情况下执行各种语言任务。虽然已知这些模型能够共同代表许多不同的语言，但他们的培训数据由英语主导，可能限制了它们的交叉概括。在这项工作中，我们在覆盖多种语言的平衡语料库上培训多语言自回归语言模型，并在广泛的任务中研究他们几乎没有零点的学习能力。我们最大的模型，具有75亿参数，在20多种代表语言中，在几种代表语言中，在几种代表性语言中，在几种代表性语言中，在多语言型号推理中表现出可比大小的GPT-3（在0次设置和0次拍摄设置中的绝对精度改善+ 7.4％ 4-拍摄设置中的9.4％）和自然语言推理（每次拍摄和4次设置中的每一个+ 5.4％）。在Flores-101机器翻译基准测试中，我们的模型优于GPT-3在182个翻译方向上有32个培训例子，同时超过45个方向的官方监督基线。我们介绍了模型成功和失败的位置的详细分析，特别是它尤其显示在某些任务中实现交叉语境的内容学习，而仍然存在改善表面的鲁棒性和适应没有a的任务的余地自然冻结形式。最后，我们评估我们在仇恨语音检测中以五种语言的仇恨语音检测的模型，并发现它具有与可比大小的GPT-3模型类似的限制。