The rapid development of remote sensing technologies have gained significant attention due to their ability to accurately localize, classify, and segment objects from aerial images. These technologies are commonly used in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-resolution cameras or sensors to capture data over large areas. This data is useful for various applications, such as monitoring and inspecting cities, towns, and terrains. In this paper, we presented a method for classifying and segmenting city road traffic dashed lines from aerial images using deep learning models such as U-Net and SegNet. The annotated data is used to train these models, which are then used to classify and segment the aerial image into two classes: dashed lines and non-dashed lines. However, the deep learning model may not be able to identify all dashed lines due to poor painting or occlusion by trees or shadows. To address this issue, we proposed a method to add missed lines to the segmentation output. We also extracted the x and y coordinates of each dashed line from the segmentation output, which can be used by city planners to construct a CAD file for digital visualization of the roads.

Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.

在过去几年中，自动驾驶一直是最受欢迎，最具挑战性的主题之一。在实现完全自治的道路上，研究人员使用了各种传感器，例如LIDAR，相机，惯性测量单元（IMU）和GPS，并开发了用于自动驾驶应用程序的智能算法，例如对象检测，对象段，障碍，避免障碍物，避免障碍物和障碍物，以及路径计划。近年来，高清（HD）地图引起了很多关注。由于本地化中高清图的精度和信息水平很高，因此它立即成为自动驾驶的关键组成部分之一。从Baidu Apollo，Nvidia和TomTom等大型组织到个别研究人员，研究人员创建了用于自主驾驶的不同场景和用途的高清地图。有必要查看高清图生成的最新方法。本文回顾了最新的高清图生成技术，这些技术利用了2D和3D地图生成。这篇评论介绍了高清图的概念及其在自主驾驶中的有用性，并详细概述了高清地图生成技术。我们还将讨论当前高清图生成技术的局限性，以激发未来的研究。

这项研究介绍了\ textit {landslide4sense}，这是一种从遥感中检测到滑坡检测的参考基准。该存储库具有3,799个图像贴片，可从Sentinel-2传感器中融合光学层，并带有数字高程模型和来自ALOS Palsar的斜率层。附加的地形信息促进了对滑坡边界的准确检测，而最近的研究表明，仅使用光学数据，这是具有挑战性的。广泛的数据集支持在滑坡检测中进行深度学习（DL）研究，以及用于系统更新滑坡库存的方法的开发和验证。基准数据集已在四个不同的时间和地理位置收集：伊伯里（2018年9月），科达古（2018年8月），戈尔卡（2015年4月）和台湾（2009年8月）。每个图像像素均标记为属于滑坡，包括各种来源和彻底的手动注释。然后，我们评估11个最先进的DL分割模型的滑坡检测性能：U-NET，RESU-NET，PSPNET，CONTECTNET，DEEPLAB-V2，DEEPLAB-V3+，FCN-8，LINKNET，FRRRN-A，FRRN-A，， FRRN-B和SQNET。所有型号均已从划痕上对每个研究区域的四分之一的补丁进行培训，并在其他三个季度的独立贴片上进行了测试。我们的实验表明，Resu-NET的表现优于其他模型，用于滑坡检测任务。我们在\ url {www.landslide4sense.org}公开获得多种源滑坡基准数据（Landslide4sense）和经过测试的DL模型，为遥感，计算机视觉和机器学习社区建立了重要的资源通常，尤其是对滑坡检测的应用。

车辆分类是一台热电电脑视觉主题，研究从地面查看到顶视图。在遥感中，顶视图的使用允许了解城市模式，车辆集中，交通管理等。但是，在瞄准像素方面的分类时存在一些困难：（a）大多数车辆分类研究使用对象检测方法，并且最公开的数据集设计用于此任务，（b）创建实例分段数据集是费力的，并且（C ）传统的实例分段方法由于对象很小，因此在此任务上执行此任务。因此，本研究目标是：（1）提出使用GIS软件的新型半监督迭代学习方法，（2）提出一种自由盒实例分割方法，（3）提供城市规模的车辆数据集。考虑的迭代学习程序：（1）标记少数车辆，（2）在这些样本上列车，（3）使用模型对整个图像进行分类，（4）将图像预测转换为多边形shapefile，（5 ）纠正有错误的一些区域，并将其包含在培训数据中，（6）重复，直到结果令人满意。为了单独的情况，我们考虑了车辆内部和车辆边界，DL模型是U-Net，具有高效网络B7骨架。当移除边框时，车辆内部变为隔离，允许唯一的对象识别。要恢复已删除的1像素边框，我们提出了一种扩展每个预测的简单方法。结果显示与掩模-RCNN（IOU中67％的82％）相比的更好的像素 - 明智的指标。关于每个对象分析，整体准确性，精度和召回大于90％。该管道适用于任何遥感目标，对分段和生成数据集非常有效。

尽管近期基于深度学习的语义细分，但远程感测图像的自动建筑检测仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题，由于全球建筑物的出现巨大变化。误差主要发生在构建足迹的边界，阴影区域，以及检测外表面具有与周围区域非常相似的反射率特性的建筑物。为了克服这些问题，我们提出了一种生成的对抗基于网络的基于网络的分割框架，其具有嵌入在发电机中的不确定性关注单元和改进模块。由边缘和反向关注单元组成的细化模块，旨在精炼预测的建筑地图。边缘注意力增强了边界特征，以估计更高的精度，并且反向关注允许网络探索先前估计区域中缺少的功能。不确定性关注单元有助于网络解决分类中的不确定性。作为我们方法的权力的衡量标准，截至2021年12月4日，它在Deepglobe公共领导板上的第二名，尽管我们的方法的主要重点 - 建筑边缘 - 并不完全对齐用于排行榜排名的指标。 DeepGlobe充满挑战数据集的整体F1分数为0.745。我们还报告了对挑战的Inria验证数据集的最佳成绩，我们的网络实现了81.28％的总体验证，总体准确性为97.03％。沿着同一条线，对于官方Inria测试数据集，我们的网络总体上得分77.86％和96.41％，而且准确性。

人行道表面数据的获取和评估在路面条件评估中起着至关重要的作用。在本文中，提出了一个称为RHA-NET的自动路面裂纹分割的有效端到端网络，以提高路面裂纹分割精度。 RHA-NET是通过将残留块（重阻）和混合注意块集成到编码器架构结构中来构建的。这些重组用于提高RHA-NET提取高级抽象特征的能力。混合注意块旨在融合低级功能和高级功能，以帮助模型专注于正确的频道和裂纹区域，从而提高RHA-NET的功能表现能力。构建并用于训练和评估所提出的模型的图像数据集，其中包含由自设计的移动机器人收集的789个路面裂纹图像。与其他最先进的网络相比，所提出的模型在全面的消融研究中验证了添加残留块和混合注意机制的功能。此外，通过引入深度可分离卷积生成的模型的轻加权版本可以更好地实现性能和更快的处理速度，而U-NET参数数量的1/30。开发的系统可以在嵌入式设备Jetson TX2（25 fps）上实时划分路面裂纹。实时实验拍摄的视频将在https://youtu.be/3xiogk0fig4上发布。

Semantic segmentation works on the computer vision algorithm for assigning each pixel of an image into a class. The task of semantic segmentation should be performed with both accuracy and efficiency. Most of the existing deep FCNs yield to heavy computations and these networks are very power hungry, unsuitable for real-time applications on portable devices. This project analyzes current semantic segmentation models to explore the feasibility of applying these models for emergency response during catastrophic events. We compare the performance of real-time semantic segmentation models with non-real-time counterparts constrained by aerial images under oppositional settings. Furthermore, we train several models on the Flood-Net dataset, containing UAV images captured after Hurricane Harvey, and benchmark their execution on special classes such as flooded buildings vs. non-flooded buildings or flooded roads vs. non-flooded roads. In this project, we developed a real-time UNet based model and deployed that network on Jetson AGX Xavier module.

中期图像的染色体分析和鉴定是基于细胞遗传学的医学诊断的关键部分。它主要用于识别遗传疾病和疾病的宪法，产前和获得异常。从中期鉴定染色体的过程是一个乏味的过程，需要训练有素的人员和几个小时才能进行。挑战尤其是在中期图像中处理触摸，重叠和聚集的染色体方面存在挑战，如果未正确进行分割，则会导致错误的分类。我们提出了一种自动化从给定的中期图像的检测和分割过程的方法，并在使用深层CNN体系结构中对其进行分类以了解染色体类型。我们已经使用了两种方法来处理中期中发现的重叠染色体的分离 - 一种涉及流域算法的方法，其次是自动编码器，另一种纯粹基于流域算法的方法。这些方法涉及自动化和非常最小的手动努力来执行分割，从而产生输出。手动努力确保了人类的直觉得到考虑，尤其是在处理触摸，重叠和聚类染色体时。分割后，使用深CNN模型将单个染色体图像分类为95.75 \％精度。此外，我们将分布策略从给定输出（通常可以在正常情况下的46个单个图像组成）中分类为单个类别，准确性为98 \％。我们的研究有助于得出结论，通过图像处理技术可以将参与染色体分割的纯手动努力自动化至非常好的水平，从而产生可靠且令人满意的结果。

晶体中砂岩的晶粒分割从其周围基质/水泥划分薄片是计算机辅助矿物识别和砂岩分类的主要步骤。砂岩的显微图像含有许多矿物颗粒及其周围的基质/水泥。相邻谷物和基质之间的区别通常是模糊的，使晶粒分割困难。文献中存在各种解决方案来处理这些问题;然而，他们对砂岩岩画的不同模式并不强大。在本文中，我们将谷物分割制定为像素 - 明智的两类（即谷物和背景）语义分割任务。我们开发一个基于深度学习的端到端培训框架，名为Deep语义粒度分割网络（DSGSN），数据驱动方法，提供通用解决方案。根据作者的知识，这是探索深度神经网络来解决谷物分割问题的第一个工作。对微观图像的广泛实验强调我们的方法比具有更多参数的各种分段架构获得更好的分割精度。

海洋生态系统及其鱼类栖息地越来越重要，因为它们在提供有价值的食物来源和保护效果方面的重要作用。由于它们的偏僻且难以接近自然，因此通常使用水下摄像头对海洋环境和鱼类栖息地进行监测。这些相机产生了大量数字数据，这些数据无法通过当前的手动处理方法有效地分析，这些方法涉及人类观察者。 DL是一种尖端的AI技术，在分析视觉数据时表现出了前所未有的性能。尽管它应用于无数领域，但仍在探索其在水下鱼类栖息地监测中的使用。在本文中，我们提供了一个涵盖DL的关键概念的教程，该教程可帮助读者了解对DL的工作原理的高级理解。该教程还解释了一个逐步的程序，讲述了如何为诸如水下鱼类监测等挑战性应用开发DL算法。此外，我们还提供了针对鱼类栖息地监测的关键深度学习技术的全面调查，包括分类，计数，定位和细分。此外，我们对水下鱼类数据集进行了公开调查，并比较水下鱼类监测域中的各种DL技术。我们还讨论了鱼类栖息地加工深度学习的新兴领域的一些挑战和机遇。本文是为了作为希望掌握对DL的高级了解，通过遵循我们的分步教程而为其应用开发的海洋科学家的教程，并了解如何发展其研究，以促进他们的研究。努力。同时，它适用于希望调查基于DL的最先进方法的计算机科学家，以进行鱼类栖息地监测。

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

使用（半）自动显微镜生成的大规模电子显微镜（EM）数据集已成为EM中的标准。考虑到大量数据，对所有数据的手动分析都是不可行的，因此自动分析至关重要。自动分析的主要挑战包括分析和解释生物医学图像的注释，并与实现高通量相结合。在这里，我们回顾了自动计算机技术的最新最新技术以及分析细胞EM结构的主要挑战。关于EM数据的注释，分割和可扩展性，讨论了过去五年来开发的高级计算机视觉，深度学习和软件工具。自动图像采集和分析的集成将允许用纳米分辨率对毫米范围的数据集进行高通量分析。

近年来，使用计算机的运动捕捉技术迅速发展。由于其高效率和优异的性能，它取代了许多传统方法，并且广泛用于许多领域。我们的项目是关于街景视频人体运动捕获和分析。该项目的主要目标是在视频中捕获人类运动，并实时使用3D动画（人类）的运动信息。我们应用了一个神经网络进行运动捕获，并在街景场景下的团结中实现。通过分析运动数据，我们将更好地估计街道状况，这对于自动驾驶汽车等其他高科技应用有用。

利用深度学习的水提取需要精确的像素级标签。然而，在像素级别标记高分辨率遥感图像非常困难。因此，我们研究如何利用点标签来提取水体并提出一种名为邻居特征聚合网络（NFANET）的新方法。与PixelLevel标签相比，Point标签更容易获得，但它们会失去许多信息。在本文中，我们利用了局部水体的相邻像素之间的相似性，并提出了邻居采样器来重塑遥感图像。然后，将采样的图像发送到网络以进行特征聚合。此外，我们使用改进的递归训练算法进一步提高提取精度，使水边界更加自然。此外，我们的方法利用相邻特征而不是全局或本地特征来学习更多代表性。实验结果表明，所提出的NFANET方法不仅优于其他研究的弱监管方法，而且还获得与最先进的结果相似。

Mitosis nuclei count is one of the important indicators for the pathological diagnosis of breast cancer. The manual annotation needs experienced pathologists, which is very time-consuming and inefficient. With the development of deep learning methods, some models with good performance have emerged, but the generalization ability should be further strengthened. In this paper, we propose a two-stage mitosis segmentation and classification method, named SCMitosis. Firstly, the segmentation performance with a high recall rate is achieved by the proposed depthwise separable convolution residual block and channel-spatial attention gate. Then, a classification network is cascaded to further improve the detection performance of mitosis nuclei. The proposed model is verified on the ICPR 2012 dataset, and the highest F-score value of 0.8687 is obtained compared with the current state-of-the-art algorithms. In addition, the model also achieves good performance on GZMH dataset, which is prepared by our group and will be firstly released with the publication of this paper. The code will be available at: https://github.com/antifen/mitosis-nuclei-segmentation.

Semantic segmentation is a challenging task that addresses most of the perception needs of Intelligent Vehicles (IV) in an unified way. Deep Neural Networks excel at this task, as they can be trained end-to-end to accurately classify multiple object categories in an image at pixel level. However, a good trade-off between high quality and computational resources is yet not present in state-of-the-art semantic segmentation approaches, limiting their application in real vehicles. In this paper, we propose a deep architecture that is able to run in real-time while providing accurate semantic segmentation. The core of our architecture is a novel layer that uses residual connections and factorized convolutions in order to remain efficient while retaining remarkable accuracy. Our approach is able to run at over 83 FPS in a single Titan X, and 7 FPS in a Jetson TX1 (embedded GPU). A comprehensive set of experiments on the publicly available Cityscapes dataset demonstrates that our system achieves an accuracy that is similar to the state of the art, while being orders of magnitude faster to compute than other architectures that achieve top precision. The resulting trade-off makes our model an ideal approach for scene understanding in IV applications. The code is publicly available at: https://github.com/Eromera/erfnet

Indonesia holds the second-highest-ranking country for the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia. A different malaria parasite semantic segmentation technique based on a deep learning approach is an alternative to reduce the limitations of traditional methods. However, the main problem of the semantic segmentation technique is raised since large parasites are dominant, and the tiny parasites are suppressed. In addition, the amount and variance of data are important influences in establishing their models. In this study, we conduct two contributions. First, we collect 559 microscopic images containing 691 malaria parasites of thin blood smears. The dataset is named PlasmoID, and most data comes from rural Indonesia. PlasmoID also provides ground truth for parasite detection and segmentation purposes. Second, this study proposes a malaria parasite segmentation and detection scheme by combining Faster RCNN and a semantic segmentation technique. The proposed scheme has been evaluated on the PlasmoID dataset. It has been compared with recent studies of semantic segmentation techniques, namely UNet, ResFCN-18, DeepLabV3, DeepLabV3plus and ResUNet-18. The result shows that our proposed scheme can improve the segmentation and detection of malaria parasite performance compared to original semantic segmentation techniques.

眼底图像中血管的自动分割可以帮助分析视网膜脉管系统的状况，这对于确定各种全身性疾病（如高血压，糖尿病等）至关重要大量参数化，因此在实际应用中使用有限。本文提出了Itermiunet，这是一种新的基于轻量级卷积的细分模型，需要更少的参数，但提供了类似于现有模型的性能。该模型利用了ITERNET体系结构的出色分割功能，但通过将Miunet模型的编码器解码器结合在其中克服了严重的参数化性质。因此，新模型可减少参数，而不会与网络的深度进行任何妥协，这对于在深模型中学习抽象的层次概念是必不可少的。这种轻巧的分割模型可以加快训练和推理时间的速度，并且在数据稀缺的医疗领域可能会有所帮助，因此，大量参数化的模型往往过于拟合。在三个公开可用的数据集上评估了所提出的模型：驱动器，凝视和Chase-DB1。还进行了进一步的交叉培训和评估者之间的变异性评估。提出的模型具有很大的潜力，可以用作早期诊断许多疾病的工具。

Visual perception plays an important role in autonomous driving. One of the primary tasks is object detection and identification. Since the vision sensor is rich in color and texture information, it can quickly and accurately identify various road information. The commonly used technique is based on extracting and calculating various features of the image. The recent development of deep learning-based method has better reliability and processing speed and has a greater advantage in recognizing complex elements. For depth estimation, vision sensor is also used for ranging due to their small size and low cost. Monocular camera uses image data from a single viewpoint as input to estimate object depth. In contrast, stereo vision is based on parallax and matching feature points of different views, and the application of deep learning also further improves the accuracy. In addition, Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM) can establish a model of the road environment, thus helping the vehicle perceive the surrounding environment and complete the tasks. In this paper, we introduce and compare various methods of object detection and identification, then explain the development of depth estimation and compare various methods based on monocular, stereo, and RDBG sensors, next review and compare various methods of SLAM, and finally summarize the current problems and present the future development trends of vision technologies.