现实世界中的大规模图形数据通常是动态而不是静态。数据随着时间的推移而出现的新节点,边缘,甚至是类,例如引用网络和研发协作网络。图形神经网络(GNNS)已成为众多关于图形结构数据的任务的标准方法。在这项工作中,我们采用了两步程序来探索GNN如何递增地适应新的未完成图形数据。首先,我们分析标准基准数据集的转换和归纳学习之间的边缘。在归纳预测后,我们将未标记的数据添加到图表中并显示模型稳定。然后,我们探索不断添加越来越多的标记数据的情况,同时考虑案例,在任何情况下都没有使用类标签注释。此外,我们在图表演变时介绍了新的类,并探索了自动检测来自先前看不见的类学的方法。为了以原则的方式处理不断发展的图形,我们提出了一个终身学习框架,用于图表数据以及评估协议。在本框架中,我们评估代表性的GNN架构。我们观察到模型参数内的隐式知识在显式知识时变得更加重要,即来自过去任务的数据,是有限的。我们发现,在开放世界节点分类中,令人惊讶地少数过去任务的数据足以达到通过从所有过去任务中记住数据达到的性能。在看不见的类检测的具有挑战性任务中,我们发现使用加权交叉熵损失对于稳定性很重要。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)已成为诸如节点分类等图形结构数据上的众多任务的标准方法。然而,现实世界图形通常会随着时间的推移而发展,甚至可能出现新的课程。我们将这些挑战塑造为终身学习的实例,其中学习者面临一系列任务,可能接管过去任务中获取的知识。这些知识可以明确地作为历史数据存储或隐含地存储在模型参数中。在这项工作中,我们系统地分析了隐式和明确知识的影响。因此,我们提出了一种在图中终身学习的增量培训方法,并根据$ k $ -.neighborface时间差异引入了一种新的度量,以解决历史数据中的差异。我们将培训方法应用于五个代表性GNN架构,并在三个新的终身节点分类数据集中评估它们。我们的研究结果表明,与培训图表数据的完整历史训练相比,不超过50%的GNN接收领域将至少保留95%的准确性。此外,我们的实验证实,当有更少的明确知识可用时,隐式知识变得更加重要。
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Graph learning is a popular approach for performing machine learning on graph-structured data. It has revolutionized the machine learning ability to model graph data to address downstream tasks. Its application is wide due to the availability of graph data ranging from all types of networks to information systems. Most graph learning methods assume that the graph is static and its complete structure is known during training. This limits their applicability since they cannot be applied to problems where the underlying graph grows over time and/or new tasks emerge incrementally. Such applications require a lifelong learning approach that can learn the graph continuously and accommodate new information whilst retaining previously learned knowledge. Lifelong learning methods that enable continuous learning in regular domains like images and text cannot be directly applied to continuously evolving graph data, due to its irregular structure. As a result, graph lifelong learning is gaining attention from the research community. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in graph lifelong learning, including the categorization of existing methods, and the discussions of potential applications and open research problems.
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The goal of graph summarization is to represent large graphs in a structured and compact way. A graph summary based on equivalence classes preserves pre-defined features of a graph's vertex within a $k$-hop neighborhood such as the vertex labels and edge labels. Based on these neighborhood characteristics, the vertex is assigned to an equivalence class. The calculation of the assigned equivalence class must be a permutation invariant operation on the pre-defined features. This is achieved by sorting on the feature values, e. g., the edge labels, which is computationally expensive, and subsequently hashing the result. Graph Neural Networks (GNN) fulfill the permutation invariance requirement. We formulate the problem of graph summarization as a subgraph classification task on the root vertex of the $k$-hop neighborhood. We adapt different GNN architectures, both based on the popular message-passing protocol and alternative approaches, to perform the structural graph summarization task. We compare different GNNs with a standard multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and Bloom filter as non-neural method. For our experiments, we consider four popular graph summary models on a large web graph. This resembles challenging multi-class vertex classification tasks with the numbers of classes ranging from $576$ to multiple hundreds of thousands. Our results show that the performance of GNNs are close to each other. In three out of four experiments, the non-message-passing GraphMLP model outperforms the other GNNs. The performance of the standard MLP is extraordinary good, especially in the presence of many classes. Finally, the Bloom filter outperforms all neural architectures by a large margin, except for the dataset with the fewest number of $576$ classes.
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Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.
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In the last few years, graph neural networks (GNNs) have become the standard toolkit for analyzing and learning from data on graphs. This emerging field has witnessed an extensive growth of promising techniques that have been applied with success to computer science, mathematics, biology, physics and chemistry. But for any successful field to become mainstream and reliable, benchmarks must be developed to quantify progress. This led us in March 2020 to release a benchmark framework that i) comprises of a diverse collection of mathematical and real-world graphs, ii) enables fair model comparison with the same parameter budget to identify key architectures, iii) has an open-source, easy-to-use and reproducible code infrastructure, and iv) is flexible for researchers to experiment with new theoretical ideas. As of December 2022, the GitHub repository has reached 2,000 stars and 380 forks, which demonstrates the utility of the proposed open-source framework through the wide usage by the GNN community. In this paper, we present an updated version of our benchmark with a concise presentation of the aforementioned framework characteristics, an additional medium-sized molecular dataset AQSOL, similar to the popular ZINC, but with a real-world measured chemical target, and discuss how this framework can be leveraged to explore new GNN designs and insights. As a proof of value of our benchmark, we study the case of graph positional encoding (PE) in GNNs, which was introduced with this benchmark and has since spurred interest of exploring more powerful PE for Transformers and GNNs in a robust experimental setting.
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图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域,其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务,例如链路预测,节点分类,群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法,但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长,例如预测准确性,运行时间,可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体,参数选择,可伸缩性,硬件和软件平台,下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程,矩阵分解,浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类,链路预测,群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验,并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能,并总结了结果。因此,本文可以作为比较指南,以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。
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疾病预测是医学应用中的知名分类问题。 GCNS提供了一个强大的工具,用于分析患者相对于彼此的特征。这可以通过将问题建模作为图形节点分类任务来实现,其中每个节点是患者。由于这种医学数据集的性质,类别不平衡是疾病预测领域的普遍存在问题,其中类的分布是歪曲的。当数据中存在类别不平衡时,现有的基于图形的分类器倾向于偏向于主要类别并忽略小类中的样本。另一方面,所有患者中罕见阳性病例的正确诊断在医疗保健系统中至关重要。在传统方法中,通过将适当的权重分配给丢失函数中的类别来解决这种不平衡,这仍然依赖于对异常值敏感的权重的相对值,并且在某些情况下偏向于小类(ES)。在本文中,我们提出了一种重加权的对抗性图形卷积网络(RA-GCN),以防止基于图形的分类器强调任何特定类的样本。这是通过将基于图形的神经网络与每个类相关联来完成的,这负责加权类样本并改变分类器的每个样本的重要性。因此,分类器自身调节并确定类之间的边界,更加关注重要样本。分类器和加权网络的参数受到侵犯方法训练。我们在合成和三个公共医疗数据集上显示实验。与最近的方法相比,ra-gcn展示了与最近的方法在所有三个数据集上识别患者状态的方法相比。详细分析作为合成数据集的定量和定性实验提供。
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Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.
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图神经网络(GNN)在节点分类任务上取得了巨大成功。尽管对开发和评估GNN具有广泛的兴趣,但它们已经通过有限的基准数据集进行了评估。结果,现有的GNN评估缺乏来自图的各种特征的细粒分析。在此激励的情况下,我们对合成图生成器进行了广泛的实验,该实验可以生成具有控制特征以进行细粒分析的图形。我们的实证研究阐明了带有节点类标签的真实图形标签的四个主要特征的GNN的优势和劣势,即1)类规模分布(平衡与失衡),2)等级之间的边缘连接比例(均质VS之间)异性词),3)属性值(偏见与随机),4)图形大小(小与大)。此外,为了促进对GNN的未来研究,我们公开发布了我们的代码库,该代码库允许用户用各种图表评估各种GNN。我们希望这项工作为未来的研究提供有趣的见解。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)概括了图形数据上的传统深度神经网络,在几个图形分析任务上取得了最先进的性能。我们专注于训练有素的GNN模型如何泄露有关他们培训的\ emph {成员}节点的信息。我们介绍了两个现实的设置,以便在GNN上执行员工推理(MI)攻击。在选择利用培训模型的后索(黑匣子访问)的最简单可能的攻击模型时,我们彻底分析了GNN和数据集的属性,这些数据集决定了对MI攻击的鲁棒性的差异。虽然在传统的机器学习模型中,过度装备被认为是这种泄漏的主要原因,我们表明,在GNN中,额外的结构信息是主要的贡献因素。我们在四个代表性GNN模型上进行了广泛的实验,我们支持我们的结果。为防止MI攻击GNN,我们提出了两种有效的防御,明显将攻击者推断显着降低了60%,而不会降低目标模型的性能。我们的代码可在https://github.com/iyempissy/rebmigraph获得。
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社交机器人被称为社交网络上的自动帐户,这些帐户试图像人类一样行事。尽管图形神经网络(GNNS)已大量应用于社会机器人检测领域,但大量的领域专业知识和先验知识大量参与了最先进的方法,以设计专门的神经网络体系结构,以设计特定的神经网络体系结构。分类任务。但是,在模型设计中涉及超大的节点和网络层,通常会导致过度平滑的问题和缺乏嵌入歧视。在本文中,我们提出了罗斯加斯(Rosgas),这是一种新颖的加强和自我监督的GNN Architecture搜索框架,以适应性地指出了最合适的多跳跃社区和GNN体系结构中的层数。更具体地说,我们将社交机器人检测问题视为以用户为中心的子图嵌入和分类任务。我们利用异构信息网络来通过利用帐户元数据,关系,行为特征和内容功能来展示用户连接。 Rosgas使用多代理的深钢筋学习(RL)机制来导航最佳邻域和网络层的搜索,以分别学习每个目标用户的子图嵌入。开发了一种用于加速RL训练过程的最接近的邻居机制,Rosgas可以借助自我监督的学习来学习更多的判别子图。 5个Twitter数据集的实验表明,Rosgas在准确性,训练效率和稳定性方面优于最先进的方法,并且在处理看不见的样本时具有更好的概括。
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标记为图形结构数据的分类任务具有许多重要的应用程序,从社交建议到财务建模。深度神经网络越来越多地用于图形上的节点分类,其中具有相似特征的节点必须给出相同的标签。图形卷积网络(GCN)是如此广泛研究的神经网络体系结构,在此任务上表现良好。但是,对GCN的强大链接攻击攻击最近表明,即使对训练有素的模型进行黑框访问,培训图中也存在哪些链接(或边缘)。在本文中,我们提出了一种名为LPGNET的新神经网络体系结构,用于对具有隐私敏感边缘的图形进行培训。 LPGNET使用新颖的设计为训练过程中的图形结构提供了新颖的设计,为边缘提供了差异隐私(DP)保证。我们从经验上表明,LPGNET模型通常位于提供隐私和效用之间的最佳位置:它们比使用不使用边缘信息的“琐碎”私人体系结构(例如,香草MLP)和针对现有的链接策略攻击更好的弹性可以提供更好的实用性。使用完整边缘结构的香草GCN。 LPGNET还与DPGCN相比,LPGNET始终提供更好的隐私性权衡,这是我们大多数评估的数据集中将差异隐私改造为常规GCN的最新机制。
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Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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鉴于在现实世界应用中大规模图的流行率,训练神经模型的存储和时间引起了人们的关注。为了减轻关注点,我们提出和研究图形神经网络(GNNS)的图形凝结问题。具体而言,我们旨在将大型原始图凝结成一个小的,合成的和高度信息的图,以便在小图和大图上训练的GNN具有可比性的性能。我们通过优化梯度匹配损失并设计一种凝结节点期货和结构信息的策略来模仿原始图上的GNN训练轨迹,以解决凝结问题。广泛的实验证明了所提出的框架在将不同的图形数据集凝结成信息较小的较小图中的有效性。特别是,我们能够在REDDIT上近似于95.3%的原始测试准确性,Flickr的99.8%和CiteSeer的99.0%,同时将其图形尺寸降低了99.9%以上,并且可以使用冷凝图来训练各种GNN架构Code在https://github.com/chandlerbang/gcond上发布。
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图形神经网络(GNN),图数据上深度神经网络的概括已被广泛用于各个领域,从药物发现到推荐系统。但是,当可用样本很少的情况下,这些应用程序的GNN是有限的。元学习一直是解决机器学习中缺乏样品的重要框架,近年来,研究人员已经开始将元学习应用于GNNS。在这项工作中,我们提供了对涉及GNN的不同元学习方法的综合调查,这些方法在各种图表中显示出使用这两种方法的力量。我们根据提出的架构,共享表示和应用程序分类文献。最后,我们讨论了几个激动人心的未来研究方向和打开问题。
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图形神经网络已成为从图形结构数据学习的不可缺少的工具之一,并且它们的实用性已在各种各样的任务中显示。近年来,建筑设计的巨大改进,导致各种预测任务的性能更好。通常,这些神经架构在同一层中使用可知的权重矩阵组合节点特征聚合和特征转换。这使得分析从各种跳过的节点特征和神经网络层的富有效力来挑战。由于不同的图形数据集显示在特征和类标签分布中的不同级别和异常级别,因此必须了解哪些特征对于没有任何先前信息的预测任务是重要的。在这项工作中,我们将节点特征聚合步骤和深度与图形神经网络分离,并经验分析了不同的聚合特征在预测性能中发挥作用。我们表明,并非通过聚合步骤生成的所有功能都很有用,并且通常使用这些较少的信息特征可能对GNN模型的性能有害。通过我们的实验,我们表明学习这些功能的某些子集可能会导致各种数据集的性能更好。我们建议使用Softmax作为常规器,并从不同跳距的邻居聚合的功能的“软选择器”;和L2 - GNN层的标准化。结合这些技术,我们呈现了一个简单浅的模型,特征选择图神经网络(FSGNN),并经验展示所提出的模型比九个基准数据集中的最先进的GNN模型实现了可比或甚至更高的准确性节点分类任务,具有显着的改进,可达51.1%。
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即使机器学习算法已经在数据科学中发挥了重要作用,但许多当前方法对输入数据提出了不现实的假设。由于不兼容的数据格式,或数据集中的异质,分层或完全缺少的数据片段,因此很难应用此类方法。作为解决方案,我们提出了一个用于样本表示,模型定义和培训的多功能,统一的框架,称为“ Hmill”。我们深入审查框架构建和扩展的机器学习的多个范围范式。从理论上讲,为HMILL的关键组件的设计合理,我们将通用近似定理的扩展显示到框架中实现的模型所实现的所有功能的集合。本文还包含有关我们实施中技术和绩效改进的详细讨论,该讨论将在MIT许可下发布供下载。该框架的主要资产是其灵活性,它可以通过相同的工具对不同的现实世界数据源进行建模。除了单独观察到每个对象的一组属性的标准设置外,我们解释了如何在框架中实现表示整个对象系统的图表中的消息推断。为了支持我们的主张,我们使用框架解决了网络安全域的三个不同问题。第一种用例涉及来自原始网络观察结果的IoT设备识别。在第二个问题中,我们研究了如何使用以有向图表示的操作系统的快照可以对恶意二进制文件进行分类。最后提供的示例是通过网络中实体之间建模域黑名单扩展的任务。在所有三个问题中,基于建议的框架的解决方案可实现与专业方法相当的性能。
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图形神经网络(GNN)在学习强大的节点表示中显示了令人信服的性能,这些表现在保留节点属性和图形结构信息的强大节点表示中。然而,许多GNNS在设计有更深的网络结构或手柄大小的图形时遇到有效性和效率的问题。已经提出了几种采样算法来改善和加速GNN的培训,但他们忽略了解GNN性能增益的来源。图表数据中的信息的测量可以帮助采样算法来保持高价值信息,同时消除冗余信息甚至噪声。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于GNN的公制引导(MEGUIDE)子图学习框架。 MEGUIDE采用两种新颖的度量:功能平滑和连接失效距离,以指导子图采样和迷你批次的培训。功能平滑度专为分析节点的特征而才能保留最有价值的信息,而连接失败距离可以测量结构信息以控制子图的大小。我们展示了MEGUIDE在多个数据集上培训各种GNN的有效性和效率。
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