对象的嵌入，低维矢量表示，在构建现代机器学习系统中至关重要。在工业环境中，通常有一个嵌入式团队训练嵌入模型来解决预期的任务（例如，产品建议）。然后，消费者团队广泛消耗了生产的嵌入，以解决其意外任务（例如，欺诈检测）。但是，随着嵌入模型的更新和重新培训以提高预期任务的性能，新生成的嵌入不再与现有的消费者模型兼容。这意味着嵌入的历史版本永远无法退休，或者所有消费者团队都必须重新训练模型，以使其与最新版本的嵌入式兼容，这两者在实践中都是非常昂贵的。在这里，我们研究了嵌入版本更新及其向后兼容性的问题。我们正式化了嵌入团队继续更新嵌入式版本的目标，而消费者团队不必重新训练他们的模型。我们开发了一种基于向后兼容的嵌入式学习的解决方案，该解决方案允许嵌入模型版本经常更新，同时还允许将最新版本的嵌入式版本快速转换为IT的任何向后兼容的历史版本，以免消费者团队不使用消费者团队。必须重新训练他们的模型。在我们的框架下，我们探索六种方法，并在现实世界中的推荐系统应用程序上系统地评估它们。我们表明，即使在多个模型版本更新之后，我们称为BC-Aligner的最佳方法也可以与现有意外任务保持向后兼容性。同时，BC-Aligner实现了预期的任务性能，类似于仅针对预期任务进行优化的嵌入模型。

With information systems becoming larger scale, recommendation systems are a topic of growing interest in machine learning research and industry. Even though progress on improving model design has been rapid in research, we argue that many advances fail to translate into practice because of two limiting assumptions. First, most approaches focus on a transductive learning setting which cannot handle unseen users or items and second, many existing methods are developed for static settings that cannot incorporate new data as it becomes available. We argue that these are largely impractical assumptions on real-world platforms where new user interactions happen in real time. In this survey paper, we formalize both concepts and contextualize recommender systems work from the last six years. We then discuss why and how future work should move towards inductive learning and incremental updates for recommendation model design and evaluation. In addition, we present best practices and fundamental open challenges for future research.

数十年来，计算机系统持有大量个人数据。一方面，这种数据丰度允许在人工智能（AI），尤其是机器学习（ML）模型中突破。另一方面，它可能威胁用户的隐私并削弱人类与人工智能之间的信任。最近的法规要求，可以从一般情况下从计算机系统中删除有关用户的私人信息，特别是根据要求从ML模型中删除（例如，“被遗忘的权利”）。虽然从后端数据库中删除数据应该很简单，但在AI上下文中，它不够，因为ML模型经常“记住”旧数据。现有的对抗攻击证明，我们可以从训练有素的模型中学习私人会员或培训数据的属性。这种现象要求采用新的范式，即机器学习，以使ML模型忘记了特定的数据。事实证明，由于缺乏共同的框架和资源，最近在机器上学习的工作无法完全解决问题。在本调查文件中，我们试图在其定义，场景，机制和应用中对机器进行彻底的研究。具体而言，作为最先进的研究的类别集合，我们希望为那些寻求机器未学习的入门及其各种表述，设计要求，删除请求，算法和用途的人提供广泛的参考。 ML申请。此外，我们希望概述范式中的关键发现和趋势，并突出显示尚未看到机器无法使用的新研究领域，但仍可以受益匪浅。我们希望这项调查为ML研究人员以及寻求创新隐私技术的研究人员提供宝贵的参考。我们的资源是在https://github.com/tamlhp/awesome-machine-unlearning上。

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have received remarkable success in link prediction (GNNLP) tasks. Existing efforts first predefine the subgraph for the whole dataset and then apply GNNs to encode edge representations by leveraging the neighborhood structure induced by the fixed subgraph. The prominence of GNNLP methods significantly relies on the adhoc subgraph. Since node connectivity in real-world graphs is complex, one shared subgraph is limited for all edges. Thus, the choices of subgraphs should be personalized to different edges. However, performing personalized subgraph selection is nontrivial since the potential selection space grows exponentially to the scale of edges. Besides, the inference edges are not available during training in link prediction scenarios, so the selection process needs to be inductive. To bridge the gap, we introduce a Personalized Subgraph Selector (PS2) as a plug-and-play framework to automatically, personally, and inductively identify optimal subgraphs for different edges when performing GNNLP. PS2 is instantiated as a bi-level optimization problem that can be efficiently solved differently. Coupling GNNLP models with PS2, we suggest a brand-new angle towards GNNLP training: by first identifying the optimal subgraphs for edges; and then focusing on training the inference model by using the sampled subgraphs. Comprehensive experiments endorse the effectiveness of our proposed method across various GNNLP backbones (GCN, GraphSage, NGCF, LightGCN, and SEAL) and diverse benchmarks (Planetoid, OGB, and Recommendation datasets). Our code is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/qiaoyu-tan/PS2}

在视觉检索系统中，更新嵌入式模型需要每条数据的重新计算功能。该昂贵的过程称为回填。最近，提出了向后兼容培训（BCT）的想法。为避免回填的成本，BCT修改了对新模型的培训，使其与旧模型兼容的表示。但是，BCT可以显着地阻碍新模型的性能。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的学习范例来代表学习：前进兼容培训（FCT）。在FCT中，当旧型号接受培训时，我们还为未来的未知版本做好准备。我们提出学习侧信息，每个样本的辅助功能，促进了模型的未来更新。为了开发一个强大而灵活的模型兼容框架，我们将侧面信息与旧嵌入到新嵌入的前向转换相结合。新模型的培训没有修改，因此，其准确性不会降低。与各种数据集的BCT相比，我们展示了显着的检索准确性改进：Imagenet-1K（+ 18.1％），Place-365（+ 5.4％）和VGG-Face2（+ 8.3％）。 FCT在不同数据集，损失和架构培训时获得模型兼容性。

在推荐系统中，一个普遍的挑战是冷门问题，在系统中，相互作用非常有限。为了应对这一挑战，最近，许多作品将元优化的想法介绍到建议方案中，即学习仅通过过去的几个交互项目来学习用户偏好。核心想法是为所有用户学习全局共享的元启动参数，并分别为每个用户迅速调整其本地参数。他们的目的是在各种用户的偏好学习中得出一般知识，以便通过博学的先验和少量培训数据迅速适应未来的新用户。但是，以前的作品表明，推荐系统通常容易受到偏见和不公平的影响。尽管元学习成功地通过冷启动提高了推荐性能，但公平性问题在很大程度上被忽略了。在本文中，我们提出了一个名为Clover的全面的公平元学习框架，以确保元学习的推荐模型的公平性。我们系统地研究了三种公平性 - 个人公平，反事实公平和推荐系统中的群体公平，并建议通过多任务对抗学习方案满足所有三种类型。我们的框架提供了一种通用的培训范式，适用于不同的元学习推荐系统。我们证明了三叶草对三个现实世界数据集的代表性元学习用户偏好估计器的有效性。经验结果表明，三叶草可以实现全面的公平性，而不会恶化整体的冷淡建议性能。

许多现代的顺序推荐系统使用深层神经网络，可以有效地估计项目的相关性，但需要大量时间进行训练。慢速培训增加了费用，阻碍了产品开发时间表，并防止该模型定期更新以适应不断变化的用户偏好。培训这样的顺序模型涉及对过去的用户互动进行适当采样以创建现实的培训目标。现有的培训目标有局限性。例如，下一个项目预测永远不会将序列的开头用作学习目标，从而可能丢弃有价值的数据。另一方面，Bert4Rec使用的项目掩盖仅与顺序建议的目标无关。因此，它需要更多的时间来获得有效的模型。因此，我们提出了一个基于新颖的序列训练目标采样，以解决这两个局限性。我们将我们的方法应用于最近和最新的模型架构，例如Gru4Rec，Caser和Sasrec。我们表明，通过我们的方法增强的模型可以实现超过或非常接近bert4rec的状态的性能，但训练时间却少得多。

图表神经网络（GNNS）已广泛应用于推荐任务，并获得了非常吸引人的性能。然而，大多数基于GNN的推荐方法在实践中遭受数据稀疏问题。同时，预训练技术在减轻了各个领域（如自然语言处理（NLP）和计算机视觉（CV）等域中的数据稀疏而取得了巨大成功。因此，图形预培训具有扩大基于GNN的建议的数据稀疏的巨大潜力。但是，预先培训GNN，建议面临独特的挑战。例如，不同推荐任务中的用户项交互图具有不同的用户和项目集，并且它们通常存在不同的属性。因此，在NLP和CV中常用的成功机制将知识从预训练任务转移到下游任务，例如共享所学习的嵌入式或特征提取器，而不是直接适用于现有的基于GNN的推荐模型。为了解决这些挑战，我们精致地设计了一个自适应图形预训练框架，用于本地化协作滤波（适应）。它不需要传输用户/项目嵌入式，并且能够跨越不同图的共同知识和每个图形的唯一性。广泛的实验结果表明了适应的有效性和优越性。

协作过滤问题通常是基于矩阵完成技术来解决的，该技术恢复了用户项目交互矩阵的缺失值。在矩阵中，额定位置专门表示给定的用户和额定值。以前的矩阵完成技术倾向于忽略矩阵中每个元素（用户，项目和评分）的位置，但主要关注用户和项目之间的语义相似性，以预测矩阵中缺少的值。本文提出了一种新颖的位置增强的用户/项目表示培训模型，用于推荐，Super-Rec。我们首先使用相对位置评级编码并存储位置增强的额定信息及其用户项目与嵌入的固定尺寸，而不会受矩阵大小影响。然后，我们将受过训练的位置增强用户和项目表示形式应用于最简单的传统机器学习模型，以突出我们表示模型的纯粹新颖性。我们对建议域中的位置增强项目表示形式进行了首次正式介绍和定量分析，并对我们的Super-Rec进行了原则性的讨论，以表现优于典型的协作过滤推荐任务，并具有明确的和隐式反馈。

Graph learning is a popular approach for performing machine learning on graph-structured data. It has revolutionized the machine learning ability to model graph data to address downstream tasks. Its application is wide due to the availability of graph data ranging from all types of networks to information systems. Most graph learning methods assume that the graph is static and its complete structure is known during training. This limits their applicability since they cannot be applied to problems where the underlying graph grows over time and/or new tasks emerge incrementally. Such applications require a lifelong learning approach that can learn the graph continuously and accommodate new information whilst retaining previously learned knowledge. Lifelong learning methods that enable continuous learning in regular domains like images and text cannot be directly applied to continuously evolving graph data, due to its irregular structure. As a result, graph lifelong learning is gaining attention from the research community. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in graph lifelong learning, including the categorization of existing methods, and the discussions of potential applications and open research problems.

Recent advancements in deep neural networks for graph-structured data have led to state-of-the-art performance on recommender system benchmarks. However, making these methods practical and scalable to web-scale recommendation tasks with billions of items and hundreds of millions of users remains a challenge.Here we describe a large-scale deep recommendation engine that we developed and deployed at Pinterest. We develop a dataefficient Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) algorithm PinSage, which combines efficient random walks and graph convolutions to generate embeddings of nodes (i.e., items) that incorporate both graph structure as well as node feature information. Compared to prior GCN approaches, we develop a novel method based on highly efficient random walks to structure the convolutions and design a novel training strategy that relies on harder-and-harder training examples to improve robustness and convergence of the model.We deploy PinSage at Pinterest and train it on 7.5 billion examples on a graph with 3 billion nodes representing pins and boards, and 18 billion edges. According to offline metrics, user studies and A/B tests, PinSage generates higher-quality recommendations than comparable deep learning and graph-based alternatives. To our knowledge, this is the largest application of deep graph embeddings to date and paves the way for a new generation of web-scale recommender systems based on graph convolutional architectures.

预测模型可以表现出对培训数据的敏感性：训练数据中的微小变化可以产生在测试时间期间为单个数据点分配相互矛盾的预测的模型。在这项工作中，我们研究了推荐系统中的这种敏感性，其中用户的建议在其他无关用户的交互中受到较小的扰动的巨大改变。我们介绍了推荐系统的稳定性度量，称为等级列表灵敏度（RLS），该量度衡量了由于培训数据中的扰动而导致的测试时间变化时在测试时间变化时如何生成的等级列表。我们开发了一种方法，即Casper，该方法使用级联效应来识别最小和系统的扰动，以在推荐系统中诱导更高的不稳定性。四个数据集的实验表明，推荐模型对引入或通过Casper引入的次要扰动过于敏感 - 甚至将一个用户的一个随机交互扰动会大大更改所有用户的建议列表。重要的是，借助Casper扰动，这些模型比高准确性的使用者（即那些接受低质量建议的人）为低临界用户（即那些接受低质量建议的人）产生更多的不稳定建议。

点击率（CTR）预测的目标是预测用户单击项目的可能性，在推荐系统中变得越来越重要。最近，一些具有自动从他/她的行为中提取用户兴趣的深度学习模型取得了巨大的成功。在这些工作中，注意机制用于选择用户在历史行为中感兴趣的项目，从而提高CTR预测指标的性能。通常，这些细心的模块可以通过使用梯度下降与基本预测变量共同训练。在本文中，我们将用户兴趣建模视为特征选择问题，我们称之为用户兴趣选择。对于这样一个问题，我们在包装法的框架下提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法被称为Meta-wrapper。更具体地说，我们使用可区分的模块作为包装运算符，然后将其学习问题重新提出为连续的二元优化。此外，我们使用元学习算法来求解优化并理论上证明其收敛性。同时，我们还提供了理论分析，以表明我们提出的方法1）效率基于包装器的特征选择，而2）可以更好地抵抗过度拟合。最后，在三个公共数据集上进行的广泛实验表明了我们方法在提高CTR预测的性能方面的优势。

Dynamic interaction graphs have been widely adopted to model the evolution of user-item interactions over time. There are two crucial factors when modelling user preferences for link prediction in dynamic interaction graphs: 1) collaborative relationship among users and 2) user personalized interaction patterns. Existing methods often implicitly consider these two factors together, which may lead to noisy user modelling when the two factors diverge. In addition, they usually require time-consuming parameter learning with back-propagation, which is prohibitive for real-time user preference modelling. To this end, this paper proposes FreeGEM, a parameter-free dynamic graph embedding method for link prediction. Firstly, to take advantage of the collaborative relationships, we propose an incremental graph embedding engine to obtain user/item embeddings, which is an Online-Monitor-Offline architecture consisting of an Online module to approximately embed users/items over time, a Monitor module to estimate the approximation error in real time and an Offline module to calibrate the user/item embeddings when the online approximation errors exceed a threshold. Meanwhile, we integrate attribute information into the model, which enables FreeGEM to better model users belonging to some under represented groups. Secondly, we design a personalized dynamic interaction pattern modeller, which combines dynamic time decay with attention mechanism to model user short-term interests. Experimental results on two link prediction tasks show that FreeGEM can outperform the state-of-the-art methods in accuracy while achieving over 36X improvement in efficiency. All code and datasets can be found in https://github.com/FudanCISL/FreeGEM.

受到计算机愿景和语言理解的深度学习的巨大成功的影响，建议的研究已经转移到发明基于神经网络的新推荐模型。近年来，我们在开发神经推荐模型方面目睹了显着进展，这概括和超越了传统的推荐模型，由于神经网络的强烈代表性。在本调查论文中，我们从建议建模与准确性目标的角度进行了系统审查，旨在总结该领域，促进研究人员和从业者在推荐系统上工作的研究人员和从业者。具体而具体基于推荐建模期间的数据使用，我们将工作划分为协作过滤和信息丰富的建议：1）协作滤波，其利用用户项目交互数据的关键来源; 2）内容丰富的建议，其另外利用与用户和项目相关的侧面信息，如用户配置文件和项目知识图; 3）时间/顺序推荐，其考虑与交互相关的上下文信息，例如时间，位置和过去的交互。在为每种类型审查代表性工作后，我们终于讨论了这一领域的一些有希望的方向。

To offer accurate and diverse recommendation services, recent methods use auxiliary information to foster the learning process of user and item representations. Many SOTA methods fuse different sources of information (user, item, knowledge graph, tags, etc.) into a graph and use Graph Neural Networks to introduce the auxiliary information through the message passing paradigm. In this work, we seek an alternative framework that is light and effective through self-supervised learning across different sources of information, particularly for the commonly accessible item tag information. We use a self-supervision signal to pair users with the auxiliary information associated with the items they have interacted with before. To achieve the pairing, we create a proxy training task. For a given item, the model predicts the correct pairing between the representations obtained from the users that have interacted with this item and the assigned tags. This design provides an efficient solution, using the auxiliary information directly to enhance the quality of user and item embeddings. User behavior in recommendation systems is driven by the complex interactions of many factors behind the decision-making processes. To make the pairing process more fine-grained and avoid embedding collapse, we propose an intent-aware self-supervised pairing process where we split the user embeddings into multiple sub-embedding vectors. Each sub-embedding vector captures a specific user intent via self-supervised alignment with a particular cluster of tags. We integrate our designed framework with various recommendation models, demonstrating its flexibility and compatibility. Through comparison with numerous SOTA methods on seven real-world datasets, we show that our method can achieve better performance while requiring less training time. This indicates the potential of applying our approach on web-scale datasets.

本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片（Sota）。它填补了空白，因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面，目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性：动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播，友谊的形成，友谊的形成等，另一方面，可以捕获各种复杂关系，提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。

Social recommender systems (SocialRS) simultaneously leverage user-to-item interactions as well as user-to-user social relations for the task of generating item recommendations to users. Additionally exploiting social relations is clearly effective in understanding users' tastes due to the effects of homophily and social influence. For this reason, SocialRS has increasingly attracted attention. In particular, with the advance of Graph Neural Networks (GNN), many GNN-based SocialRS methods have been developed recently. Therefore, we conduct a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on GNN-based SocialRS. In this survey, we first identify 80 papers on GNN-based SocialRS after annotating 2151 papers by following the PRISMA framework (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Then, we comprehensively review them in terms of their inputs and architectures to propose a novel taxonomy: (1) input taxonomy includes 5 groups of input type notations and 7 groups of input representation notations; (2) architecture taxonomy includes 8 groups of GNN encoder, 2 groups of decoder, and 12 groups of loss function notations. We classify the GNN-based SocialRS methods into several categories as per the taxonomy and describe their details. Furthermore, we summarize the benchmark datasets and metrics widely used to evaluate the GNN-based SocialRS methods. Finally, we conclude this survey by presenting some future research directions.

为了开发有效的顺序推荐人，提出了一系列序列表示学习（SRL）方法来模拟历史用户行为。大多数现有的SRL方法都依赖于开发序列模型以更好地捕获用户偏好的明确项目ID。尽管在某种程度上有效，但由于通过明确建模项目ID的限制，这些方法很难转移到新的建议方案。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新颖的通用序列表示方法，名为UNISREC。提出的方法利用项目的文本在不同的建议方案中学习可转移表示形式。为了学习通用项目表示形式，我们设计了一个基于参数美白和Experts的混合物增强的适配器的轻巧项目编码体系结构。为了学习通用序列表示，我们通过抽样多域负面因素介绍了两个对比的预训练任务。借助预训练的通用序列表示模型，我们的方法可以在电感或跨传导设置下以参数有效的方式有效地传输到新的推荐域或平台。在现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了该方法的有效性。尤其是，我们的方法还导致跨平台环境中的性能提高，显示了所提出的通用SRL方法的强可传递性。代码和预培训模型可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/rucaibox/unisrec。

In recent years, deep neural networks have yielded immense success on speech recognition, computer vision and natural language processing. However, the exploration of deep neural networks on recommender systems has received relatively less scrutiny. In this work, we strive to develop techniques based on neural networks to tackle the key problem in recommendation -collaborative filtering -on the basis of implicit feedback.Although some recent work has employed deep learning for recommendation, they primarily used it to model auxiliary information, such as textual descriptions of items and acoustic features of musics. When it comes to model the key factor in collaborative filtering -the interaction between user and item features, they still resorted to matrix factorization and applied an inner product on the latent features of users and items.By replacing the inner product with a neural architecture that can learn an arbitrary function from data, we present a general framework named NCF, short for Neural networkbased Collaborative Filtering. NCF is generic and can express and generalize matrix factorization under its framework. To supercharge NCF modelling with non-linearities, we propose to leverage a multi-layer perceptron to learn the user-item interaction function. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets show significant improvements of our proposed NCF framework over the state-of-the-art methods. Empirical evidence shows that using deeper layers of neural networks offers better recommendation performance.