We present AVOD, an Aggregate View Object Detection network for autonomous driving scenarios. The proposed neural network architecture uses LIDAR point clouds and RGB images to generate features that are shared by two subnetworks: a region proposal network (RPN) and a second stage detector network. The proposed RPN uses a novel architecture capable of performing multimodal feature fusion on high resolution feature maps to generate reliable 3D object proposals for multiple object classes in road scenes. Using these proposals, the second stage detection network performs accurate oriented 3D bounding box regression and category classification to predict the extents, orientation, and classification of objects in 3D space. Our proposed architecture is shown to produce state of the art results on the KITTI 3D object detection benchmark [1] while running in real time with a low memory footprint, making it a suitable candidate for deployment on autonomous vehicles. Code is at: https://github.com/kujason/avod

Aiming at highly accurate object detection for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), this paper presents a Deep Neural Network based 3D object detection model that leverages a three-stage feature extractor by developing a novel LIDAR-Camera fusion scheme. The proposed feature extractor extracts high-level features from two input sensory modalities and recovers the important features discarded during the convolutional process. The novel fusion scheme effectively fuses features across sensory modalities and convolutional layers to find the best representative global features. The fused features are shared by a two-stage network: the region proposal network (RPN) and the detection head (DH). The RPN generates high-recall proposals, and the DH produces final detection results. The experimental results show the proposed model outperforms more recent research on the KITTI 2D and 3D detection benchmark, particularly for distant and highly occluded instances.

This paper aims at high-accuracy 3D object detection in autonomous driving scenario. We propose Multi-View 3D networks (MV3D), a sensory-fusion framework that takes both LIDAR point cloud and RGB images as input and predicts oriented 3D bounding boxes. We encode the sparse 3D point cloud with a compact multi-view representation. The network is composed of two subnetworks: one for 3D object proposal generation and another for multi-view feature fusion. The proposal network generates 3D candidate boxes efficiently from the bird's eye view representation of 3D point cloud. We design a deep fusion scheme to combine region-wise features from multiple views and enable interactions between intermediate layers of different paths. Experiments on the challenging KITTI benchmarkshow that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art by around 25% and 30% AP on the tasks of 3D localization and 3D detection. In addition, for 2D detection, our approach obtains 14.9% higher AP than the state-of-the-art on the hard data among the LIDAR-based methods.

We address the problem of real-time 3D object detection from point clouds in the context of autonomous driving. Computation speed is critical as detection is a necessary component for safety. Existing approaches are, however, expensive in computation due to high dimensionality of point clouds. We utilize the 3D data more efficiently by representing the scene from the Bird's Eye View (BEV), and propose PIXOR, a proposal-free, single-stage detector that outputs oriented 3D object estimates decoded from pixelwise neural network predictions. The input representation, network architecture, and model optimization are especially designed to balance high accuracy and real-time efficiency. We validate PIXOR on two datasets: the KITTI BEV object detection benchmark, and a large-scale 3D vehicle detection benchmark. In both datasets we show that the proposed detector surpasses other state-of-the-art methods notably in terms of Average Precision (AP), while still runs at > 28 FPS.

3D object detection from LiDAR point cloud is a challenging problem in 3D scene understanding and has many practical applications. In this paper, we extend our preliminary work PointRCNN to a novel and strong point-cloud-based 3D object detection framework, the part-aware and aggregation neural network (Part-A 2 net). The whole framework consists of the part-aware stage and the part-aggregation stage. Firstly, the part-aware stage for the first time fully utilizes free-of-charge part supervisions derived from 3D ground-truth boxes to simultaneously predict high quality 3D proposals and accurate intra-object part locations. The predicted intra-object part locations within the same proposal are grouped by our new-designed RoI-aware point cloud pooling module, which results in an effective representation to encode the geometry-specific features of each 3D proposal. Then the part-aggregation stage learns to re-score the box and refine the box location by exploring the spatial relationship of the pooled intra-object part locations. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the performance improvements from each component of our proposed framework. Our Part-A 2 net outperforms all existing 3D detection methods and achieves new state-of-the-art on KITTI 3D object detection dataset by utilizing only the LiDAR point cloud data. Code is available at https://github.com/sshaoshuai/PointCloudDet3D.

In this paper, we propose a novel 3D object detector that can exploit both LIDAR as well as cameras to perform very accurate localization. Towards this goal, we design an end-to-end learnable architecture that exploits continuous convolutions to fuse image and LIDAR feature maps at different levels of resolution. Our proposed continuous fusion layer encode both discrete-state image features as well as continuous geometric information. This enables us to design a novel, reliable and efficient end-to-end learnable 3D object detector based on multiple sensors. Our experimental evaluation on both KITTI as well as a large scale 3D object detection benchmark shows significant improvements over the state of the art.

In this paper we propose to exploit multiple related tasks for accurate multi-sensor 3D object detection. Towards this goal we present an end-to-end learnable architecture that reasons about 2D and 3D object detection as well as ground estimation and depth completion. Our experiments show that all these tasks are complementary and help the network learn better representations by fusing information at various levels. Importantly, our approach leads the KITTI benchmark on 2D, 3D and bird's eye view object detection, while being real-time. * Equal contribution.† Work done as part of Uber AI Residency program.

近年来，自主驾驶LIDAR数据的3D对象检测一直在迈出卓越的进展。在最先进的方法中，已经证明了将点云进行编码为鸟瞰图（BEV）是有效且有效的。与透视图不同，BEV在物体之间保留丰富的空间和距离信息;虽然在BEV中相同类型的更远物体不会较小，但它们包含稀疏点云特征。这一事实使用共享卷积神经网络削弱了BEV特征提取。为了解决这一挑战，我们提出了范围感知注意网络（RAANET），提取更强大的BEV功能并产生卓越的3D对象检测。范围感知的注意力（RAA）卷曲显着改善了近距离的特征提取。此外，我们提出了一种新的辅助损耗，用于密度估计，以进一步增强覆盖物体的Raanet的检测精度。值得注意的是，我们提出的RAA卷积轻量级，并兼容，以集成到用于BEV检测的任何CNN架构中。 Nuscenes DataSet上的广泛实验表明，我们的提出方法优于基于LIDAR的3D对象检测的最先进的方法，具有16 Hz的实时推断速度，为LITE版本为22 Hz。该代码在匿名GitHub存储库HTTPS://github.com/Anonymous0522 / ange上公开提供。

We present a new two-stage 3D object detection framework, named sparse-to-dense 3D Object Detector (STD). The first stage is a bottom-up proposal generation network that uses raw point cloud as input to generate accurate proposals by seeding each point with a new spherical anchor. It achieves a high recall with less computation compared with prior works. Then, PointsPool is applied for generating proposal features by transforming their interior point features from sparse expression to compact representation, which saves even more computation time. In box prediction, which is the second stage, we implement a parallel intersection-over-union (IoU) branch to increase awareness of localization accuracy, resulting in further improved performance. We conduct experiments on KITTI dataset, and evaluate our method in terms of 3D object and Bird's Eye View (BEV) detection. Our method outperforms other stateof-the-arts by a large margin, especially on the hard set, with inference speed more than 10 FPS.

Object detection in point clouds is an important aspect of many robotics applications such as autonomous driving. In this paper we consider the problem of encoding a point cloud into a format appropriate for a downstream detection pipeline. Recent literature suggests two types of encoders; fixed encoders tend to be fast but sacrifice accuracy, while encoders that are learned from data are more accurate, but slower. In this work we propose PointPillars, a novel encoder which utilizes PointNets to learn a representation of point clouds organized in vertical columns (pillars). While the encoded features can be used with any standard 2D convolutional detection architecture, we further propose a lean downstream network. Extensive experimentation shows that PointPillars outperforms previous encoders with respect to both speed and accuracy by a large margin. Despite only using lidar, our full detection pipeline significantly outperforms the state of the art, even among fusion methods, with respect to both the 3D and bird's eye view KITTI benchmarks. This detection performance is achieved while running at 62 Hz: a 2 -4 fold runtime improvement. A faster version of our method matches the state of the art at 105 Hz. These benchmarks suggest that PointPillars is an appropriate encoding for object detection in point clouds.

近年来，由于深度学习技术的发展，LiDar Point Clouds的3D对象检测取得了长足的进步。尽管基于体素或基于点的方法在3D对象检测中很受欢迎，但它们通常涉及耗时的操作，例如有关体素的3D卷积或点之间的球查询，从而使所得网络不适合时间关键应用程序。另一方面，基于2D视图的方法具有较高的计算效率，而通常比基于体素或基于点的方法获得的性能低。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个基于实时视图的单阶段3D对象检测器，即CVFNET完成此任务。为了在苛刻的效率条件下加强跨视图的学习，我们的框架提取了不同视图的特征，并以有效的渐进式方式融合了它们。我们首先提出了一个新颖的点范围特征融合模块，该模块在多个阶段深入整合点和范围视图特征。然后，当将所获得的深点视图转换为鸟类视图时，特殊的切片柱旨在很好地维护3D几何形状。为了更好地平衡样品比率，提出了一个稀疏的柱子检测头，将检测集中在非空网上。我们对流行的Kitti和Nuscenes基准进行了实验，并以准确性和速度来实现最先进的性能。

In this work, we study 3D object detection from RGB-D data in both indoor and outdoor scenes. While previous methods focus on images or 3D voxels, often obscuring natural 3D patterns and invariances of 3D data, we directly operate on raw point clouds by popping up RGB-D scans. However, a key challenge of this approach is how to efficiently localize objects in point clouds of large-scale scenes (region proposal). Instead of solely relying on 3D proposals, our method leverages both mature 2D object detectors and advanced 3D deep learning for object localization, achieving efficiency as well as high recall for even small objects. Benefited from learning directly in raw point clouds, our method is also able to precisely estimate 3D bounding boxes even under strong occlusion or with very sparse points. Evaluated on KITTI and SUN RGB-D 3D detection benchmarks, our method outperforms the state of the art by remarkable margins while having real-time capability. * Majority of the work done as an intern at Nuro, Inc. depth to point cloud 2D region (from CNN) to 3D frustum 3D box (from PointNet)

它得到了很好的认识到，从深度感知的LIDAR点云和语义富有的立体图像中融合互补信息将有利于3D对象检测。然而，探索稀疏3D点和密集2D像素之间固有的不自然相互作用并不重要。为了简化这种困难，最近的建议通常将3D点投影到2D图像平面上以对图像数据进行采样，然后聚合点处的数据。然而，这种方法往往遭受点云和RGB图像的分辨率之间的不匹配，导致次优性能。具体地，作为多模态数据聚合位置的稀疏点导致高分辨率图像的严重信息丢失，这反过来破坏了多传感器融合的有效性。在本文中，我们呈现VPFNET - 一种新的架构，可以在“虚拟”点处巧妙地对齐和聚合点云和图像数据。特别地，它们的密度位于3D点和2D像素的密度之间，虚拟点可以很好地桥接两个传感器之间的分辨率间隙，从而保持更多信息以进行处理。此外，我们还研究了可以应用于点云和RGB图像的数据增强技术，因为数据增强对迄今为止对3D对象探测器的贡献不可忽略。我们对Kitti DataSet进行了广泛的实验，与最先进的方法相比，观察到了良好的性能。值得注意的是，我们的VPFNET在KITTI测试集上实现了83.21 \％中等3D AP和91.86 \％适度的BEV AP，自2021年5月21日起排名第一。网络设计也考虑了计算效率 - 我们可以实现FPS 15对单个NVIDIA RTX 2080TI GPU。该代码将用于复制和进一步调查。

实时和高性能3D对象检测对于自动驾驶至关重要。最近表现最佳的3D对象探测器主要依赖于基于点或基于3D Voxel的卷积，这两者在计算上均无效地部署。相比之下，基于支柱的方法仅使用2D卷积，从而消耗了较少的计算资源，但它们的检测准确性远远落后于基于体素的对应物。在本文中，通过检查基于支柱和体素的探测器之间的主要性能差距，我们开发了一个实时和高性能的柱子检测器，称为Pillarnet。提出的柱子由一个强大的编码网络组成，用于有效的支柱特征学习，用于空间语义特征融合的颈网和常用的检测头。仅使用2D卷积，Pillarnet具有可选的支柱尺寸的灵活性，并与经典的2D CNN骨架兼容，例如VGGNET和RESNET.ADITIONICLY，Pillarnet受益于我们设计的方向iOu decoupled iou Recressions you Recressions损失以及IOU Aware Pareace Predication Prediction Predictight offication Branch。大规模Nuscenes数据集和Waymo Open数据集的广泛实验结果表明，在有效性和效率方面，所提出的Pillarnet在最新的3D检测器上表现良好。源代码可在https://github.com/agent-sgs/pillarnet.git上找到。

In this paper, we propose PointRCNN for 3D object detection from raw point cloud. The whole framework is composed of two stages: stage-1 for the bottom-up 3D proposal generation and stage-2 for refining proposals in the canonical coordinates to obtain the final detection results. Instead of generating proposals from RGB image or projecting point cloud to bird's view or voxels as previous methods do, our stage-1 sub-network directly generates a small number of high-quality 3D proposals from point cloud in a bottom-up manner via segmenting the point cloud of the whole scene into foreground points and background. The stage-2 sub-network transforms the pooled points of each proposal to canonical coordinates to learn better local spatial features, which is combined with global semantic features of each point learned in stage-1 for accurate box refinement and confidence prediction. Extensive experiments on the 3D detection benchmark of KITTI dataset show that our proposed architecture outperforms state-of-the-art methods with remarkable margins by using only point cloud as input. The code is available at https://github.com/sshaoshuai/PointRCNN.

基于LIDAR的传感驱动器电流自主车辆。尽管进展迅速，但目前的激光雷达传感器在分辨率和成本方面仍然落后于传统彩色相机背后的二十年。对于自主驾驶，这意味着靠近传感器的大物体很容易可见，但远方或小物体仅包括一个测量或两个。这是一个问题，尤其是当这些对象结果驾驶危险时。另一方面，在车载RGB传感器中清晰可见这些相同的对象。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种将RGB传感器无缝熔化成基于LIDAR的3D识别方法。我们的方法采用一组2D检测来生成密集的3D虚拟点，以增加否则稀疏的3D点云。这些虚拟点自然地集成到任何基于标准的LIDAR的3D探测器以及常规激光雷达测量。由此产生的多模态检测器简单且有效。大规模NUSCENES数据集的实验结果表明，我们的框架通过显着的6.6地图改善了强大的中心点基线，并且优于竞争融合方法。代码和更多可视化可在https://tianweiy.github.io/mvp/上获得

从点云的准确3D对象检测已成为自动驾驶中的重要组成部分。但是，前面的作品中的体积表示和投影方法无法在本地点集之间建立关系。在本文中，我们提出了稀疏的Voxel-Graph注意网络（SVGA-Net），一种新型端到端培训网络，主要包含Voxel-Traph模块和稀疏 - 致密的回归模块，以实现RAW的可比3D检测任务LIDAR数据。具体地，SVGA-NET通过所有体素构建每个分割的3D球形体素和全局KNN图中的本地完整图。本地和全局图作为增强提取特征的注意机制。此外，新颖的稀疏 - 密集的回归模块通过不同级别的特征映射聚合来增强3D盒估计精度。 KITTI检测基准测试的实验证明将图形表示扩展到3D对象检测的效率，并且所提出的SVGA-NET可以实现体面的检测精度。

我们提出了DeepFusion，这是一种模块化的多模式结构，可在不同组合中以3D对象检测为融合激光雷达，相机和雷达。专门的功能提取器可以利用每种模式，并且可以轻松交换，从而使该方法变得简单而灵活。提取的特征被转化为鸟眼视图，作为融合的共同表示。在特征空间中融合方式之前，先进行空间和语义对齐。最后，检测头利用丰富的多模式特征，以改善3D检测性能。 LIDAR相机，激光摄像头雷达和摄像头融合的实验结果显示了我们融合方法的灵活性和有效性。在此过程中，我们研究了高达225米的遥远汽车检测的很大程度上未开发的任务，显示了激光摄像机融合的好处。此外，我们研究了3D对象检测的LIDAR点所需的密度，并在对不利天气条件的鲁棒性示例中说明了含义。此外，对我们的摄像头融合的消融研究突出了准确深度估计的重要性。

The goal of this paper is to perform 3D object detection from a single monocular image in the domain of autonomous driving. Our method first aims to generate a set of candidate class-specific object proposals, which are then run through a standard CNN pipeline to obtain highquality object detections. The focus of this paper is on proposal generation. In particular, we propose an energy minimization approach that places object candidates in 3D using the fact that objects should be on the ground-plane. We then score each candidate box projected to the image plane via several intuitive potentials encoding semantic segmentation, contextual information, size and location priors and typical object shape. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that our object proposal generation approach significantly outperforms all monocular approaches, and achieves the best detection performance on the challenging KITTI benchmark, among published monocular competitors.

具有多传感器的3D对象检测对于自主驾驶和机器人技术的准确可靠感知系统至关重要。现有的3D探测器通过采用两阶段范式来显着提高准确性，这仅依靠激光点云进行3D提案的细化。尽管令人印象深刻，但点云的稀疏性，尤其是对于遥远的点，使得仅激光雷达的完善模块难以准确识别和定位对象。要解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新颖的多模式两阶段方法FusionRcnn，有效，有效地融合了感兴趣区域（ROI）的点云和摄像头图像。 FusionRcnn自适应地整合了LiDAR的稀疏几何信息和统一注意机制中相机的密集纹理信息。具体而言，它首先利用RoiPooling获得具有统一大小的图像集，并通过在ROI提取步骤中的建议中采样原始点来获取点设置；然后利用模式内的自我注意力来增强域特异性特征，此后通过精心设计的跨注意事项融合了来自两种模态的信息。FusionRCNN从根本上是插件，并支持不同的单阶段方法与不同的单阶段方法。几乎没有建筑变化。对Kitti和Waymo基准测试的广泛实验表明，我们的方法显着提高了流行探测器的性能。可取，FusionRCNN在Waymo上的FusionRCNN显着提高了强大的第二基线，而Waymo上的MAP则超过6.14％，并且优于竞争两阶段方法的表现。代码将很快在https://github.com/xxlbigbrother/fusion-rcnn上发布。