在本文中,我们旨在改善干扰限制的无线网络中超级可靠性和低延迟通信(URLLC)的服务质量(QoS)。为了在通道连贯性时间内获得时间多样性,我们首先提出了一个随机重复方案,该方案随机将干扰能力随机。然后,我们优化了每个数据包的保留插槽数量和重复数量,以最大程度地减少QoS违规概率,该概率定义为无法实现URLLC的用户百分比。我们构建了一个级联的随机边缘图神经网络(REGNN),以表示重复方案并开发一种无模型的无监督学习方法来训练它。我们在对称场景中使用随机几何形状分析了QoS违规概率,并应用基于模型的详尽搜索(ES)方法来找到最佳解决方案。仿真结果表明,在对称方案中,通过模型学习方法和基于模型的ES方法实现的QoS违规概率几乎相同。在更一般的情况下,级联的Regnn在具有不同尺度,网络拓扑,细胞密度和频率重复使用因子的无线网络中很好地概括了。在模型不匹配的情况下,它的表现优于基于模型的ES方法。
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Recent advances in distributed artificial intelligence (AI) have led to tremendous breakthroughs in various communication services, from fault-tolerant factory automation to smart cities. When distributed learning is run over a set of wirelessly connected devices, random channel fluctuations and the incumbent services running on the same network impact the performance of both distributed learning and the coexisting service. In this paper, we investigate a mixed service scenario where distributed AI workflow and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) services run concurrently over a network. Consequently, we propose a risk sensitivity-based formulation for device selection to minimize the AI training delays during its convergence period while ensuring that the operational requirements of the URLLC service are met. To address this challenging coexistence problem, we transform it into a deep reinforcement learning problem and address it via a framework based on soft actor-critic algorithm. We evaluate our solution with a realistic and 3GPP-compliant simulator for factory automation use cases. Our simulation results confirm that our solution can significantly decrease the training delay of the distributed AI service while keeping the URLLC availability above its required threshold and close to the scenario where URLLC solely consumes all network resources.
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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Communication and computation are often viewed as separate tasks. This approach is very effective from the perspective of engineering as isolated optimizations can be performed. On the other hand, there are many cases where the main interest is a function of the local information at the devices instead of the local information itself. For such scenarios, information theoretical results show that harnessing the interference in a multiple-access channel for computation, i.e., over-the-air computation (OAC), can provide a significantly higher achievable computation rate than the one with the separation of communication and computation tasks. Besides, the gap between OAC and separation in terms of computation rate increases with more participating nodes. Given this motivation, in this study, we provide a comprehensive survey on practical OAC methods. After outlining fundamentals related to OAC, we discuss the available OAC schemes with their pros and cons. We then provide an overview of the enabling mechanisms and relevant metrics to achieve reliable computation in the wireless channel. Finally, we summarize the potential applications of OAC and point out some future directions.
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图形神经网络(GNN)是图形数据的有效的神经网络模型,广泛用于不同的领域,包括无线通信。与其他神经网络模型不同,GNN可以以分散的方式实现,其中邻居之间的信息交换,使其成为无线通信系统中分散控制的潜在强大的工具。然而,主要的瓶颈是无线频道损伤,其恶化了GNN的预测稳健性。为了克服这个障碍,我们在本文中分析和增强了不同无线通信系统中分散的GNN的鲁棒性。具体地,使用GNN二进制分类器作为示例,我们首先开发一种方法来验证预测是否稳健。然后,我们在未编码和编码的无线通信系统中分析分散的GNN二进制分类器的性能。为了解决不完美的无线传输并增强预测稳健性,我们进一步提出了用于上述两个通信系统的新型重传机制。通过仿真对合成图数据,我们验证了我们的分析,验证了提出的重传机制的有效性,并为实际实施提供了一些见解。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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Learning precoding policies with neural networks enables low complexity online implementation, robustness to channel impairments, and joint optimization with channel acquisition. However, existing neural networks suffer from high training complexity and poor generalization ability when they are used to learn to optimize precoding for mitigating multi-user interference. This impedes their use in practical systems where the number of users is time-varying. In this paper, we propose a graph neural network (GNN) to learn precoding policies by harnessing both the mathematical model and the property of the policies. We first show that a vanilla GNN cannot well-learn pseudo-inverse of channel matrix when the numbers of antennas and users are large, and is not generalizable to unseen numbers of users. Then, we design a GNN by resorting to the Taylor's expansion of matrix pseudo-inverse, which allows for capturing the importance of the neighbored edges to be aggregated that is crucial for learning precoding policies efficiently. Simulation results show that the proposed GNN can well learn spectral efficient and energy efficient precoding policies in single- and multi-cell multi-user multi-antenna systems with low training complexity, and can be well generalized to the numbers of users.
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车辆到车辆(V2V)通信的性能在很大程度上取决于使用的调度方法。虽然集中式网络调度程序提供高V2V通信可靠性,但它们的操作通常仅限于具有完整的蜂窝网络覆盖范围的区域。相比之下,在细胞外覆盖区域中,使用了相对效率低下的分布式无线电资源管理。为了利用集中式方法的好处来增强V2V通信在缺乏蜂窝覆盖的道路上的可靠性,我们建议使用VRLS(车辆加固学习调度程序),这是一种集中的调度程序,该调度程序主动为覆盖外的V2V Communications主动分配资源,以前}车辆离开蜂窝网络覆盖范围。通过在模拟的车辆环境中进行培训,VRL可以学习一项适应环境变化的调度策略,从而消除了在复杂的现实生活环境中对有针对性(重新)培训的需求。我们评估了在不同的移动性,网络负载,无线通道和资源配置下VRL的性能。 VRL的表现优于最新的区域中最新分布式调度算法,而无需蜂窝网络覆盖,通过在高负载条件下将数据包错误率降低了一半,并在低负载方案中实现了接近最大的可靠性。
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The explosive growth of dynamic and heterogeneous data traffic brings great challenges for 5G and beyond mobile networks. To enhance the network capacity and reliability, we propose a learning-based dynamic time-frequency division duplexing (D-TFDD) scheme that adaptively allocates the uplink and downlink time-frequency resources of base stations (BSs) to meet the asymmetric and heterogeneous traffic demands while alleviating the inter-cell interference. We formulate the problem as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP) that maximizes the long-term expected sum rate under the users' packet dropping ratio constraints. In order to jointly optimize the global resources in a decentralized manner, we propose a federated reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm named federated Wolpertinger deep deterministic policy gradient (FWDDPG) algorithm. The BSs decide their local time-frequency configurations through RL algorithms and achieve global training via exchanging local RL models with their neighbors under a decentralized federated learning framework. Specifically, to deal with the large-scale discrete action space of each BS, we adopt a DDPG-based algorithm to generate actions in a continuous space, and then utilize Wolpertinger policy to reduce the mapping errors from continuous action space back to discrete action space. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed algorithm to benchmark algorithms with respect to system sum rate.
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随着移动网络的增殖,我们正在遇到强大的服务多样化,这需要从现有网络的更大灵活性。建议网络切片作为5G和未来网络的资源利用解决方案,以解决这种可怕需求。在网络切片中,动态资源编排和网络切片管理对于最大化资源利用率至关重要。不幸的是,由于缺乏准确的模型和动态隐藏结构,这种过程对于传统方法来说太复杂。在不知道模型和隐藏结构的情况下,我们将问题作为受约束的马尔可夫决策过程(CMDP)制定。此外,我们建议使用Clara解决问题,这是一种基于钢筋的基于资源分配算法。特别是,我们分别使用自适应内部点策略优化和投影层分析累积和瞬时约束。评估表明,Clara明显优于资源配置的基线,通过服务需求保证。
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In heterogeneous networks (HetNets), the overlap of small cells and the macro cell causes severe cross-tier interference. Although there exist some approaches to address this problem, they usually require global channel state information, which is hard to obtain in practice, and get the sub-optimal power allocation policy with high computational complexity. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) based power control scheme for the HetNet, where each access point makes power control decisions independently based on local information. To promote cooperation among agents, we develop a penalty-based Q learning (PQL) algorithm for MADRL systems. By introducing regularization terms in the loss function, each agent tends to choose an experienced action with high reward when revisiting a state, and thus the policy updating speed slows down. In this way, an agent's policy can be learned by other agents more easily, resulting in a more efficient collaboration process. We then implement the proposed PQL in the considered HetNet and compare it with other distributed-training-and-execution (DTE) algorithms. Simulation results show that our proposed PQL can learn the desired power control policy from a dynamic environment where the locations of users change episodically and outperform existing DTE MADRL algorithms.
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联合学习(FL)能够通过定期聚合培训的本地参数来在多个边缘用户执行大的分布式机器学习任务。为了解决在无线迷雾云系统上实现支持的关键挑战(例如,非IID数据,用户异质性),我们首先基于联合平均(称为FedFog)的高效流行算法来执行梯度参数的本地聚合在云端的FOG服务器和全球培训更新。接下来,我们通过调查新的网络知识的流动系统,在无线雾云系统中雇用FEDFog,这促使了全局损失和完成时间之间的平衡。然后开发了一种迭代算法以获得系统性能的精确测量,这有助于设计有效的停止标准以输出适当数量的全局轮次。为了缓解级体效果,我们提出了一种灵活的用户聚合策略,可以先培训快速用户在允许慢速用户加入全局培训更新之前获得一定程度的准确性。提供了使用若干现实世界流行任务的广泛数值结果来验证FEDFOG的理论融合。我们还表明,拟议的FL和通信的共同设计对于在实现学习模型的可比准确性的同时,基本上提高资源利用是必要的。
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在这项工作中,我们考虑了具有多个基站和间隔干扰的无线系统中的联合学习模型。在学习阶段,我们应用了一个不同的私人方案,将信息从用户传输到其相应的基站。我们通过在其最佳差距上得出上限来显示学习过程的收敛行为。此外,我们定义了一个优化问题,以减少该上限和总隐私泄漏。为了找到此问题的本地最佳解决方案,我们首先提出了一种计划资源块和用户的算法。然后,我们扩展了该方案,以通过优化差异隐私人工噪声来减少总隐私泄漏。我们将这两个程序的解决方案应用于联合学习系统的参数。在这种情况下,我们假设每个用户都配备了分类器。此外,假定通信单元的资源块比用户数量少。仿真结果表明,与随机调度程序相比,我们提出的调度程序提高了预测的平均准确性。此外,其具有噪声优化器的扩展版本大大减少了隐私泄漏的量。
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联合学习(FL)最近被揭示为有希望的技术,以便在网络边缘启用人工智能(AI),其中分布式移动设备在边缘服务器的协调下协同培训共享AI模型。为了显着提高FL的通信效率,通过利用无线多接入信道的叠加特性,遍布空中计算允许大量的移动设备通过利用无线多接入信道的叠加特性同时上传其本地模型。由于无线信道衰落,边缘服务器的模型聚合误差由所有设备中最弱的通道主导,导致严重的孤立问题。在本文中,我们提出了一种继电器协助的合作液计划,以有效地解决了斯塔格勒问题。特别是,我们部署了多个半双工继电器以协同协作在将本地模型更新上载到边缘服务器时的设备。空中计算的性质构成了与传统继电器通信系统中不同的系统目标和约束。此外,设计变量之间的强耦合使得这种系统具有挑战性的优化。为了解决问题,我们提出了一种基于交替优化的算法来优化收发器和中继操作,具有低复杂度。然后,我们在单个中继盒中分析模型聚合误差,并显示我们的继电器辅助方案实现比没有继电器的中继的误差较小的误差。该分析提供了对协同媒体实施中的继电器部署的关键见解。广泛的数值结果表明,与最先进的方案相比,我们的设计达到了更快的融合。
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我们提出了一种数据驱动的电力分配方法,在联邦学习(FL)上的受干扰有限的无线网络中的电力分配。功率策略旨在在通信约束下的流行过程中最大化传输的信息,具有提高全局流动模型的训练精度和效率的最终目标。所提出的功率分配策略使用图形卷积网络进行参数化,并且通过引流 - 双算法解决了相关的约束优化问题。数值实验表明,所提出的方法在传输成功率和流动性能方面优于三种基线方法。
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联邦元学习(FML)已成为应对当今边缘学习竞技场中的数据限制和异质性挑战的承诺范式。然而,其性能通常受到缓慢的收敛性和相应的低通信效率的限制。此外,由于可用的无线电频谱和物联网设备的能量容量通常不足,因此在在实际无线网络中部署FML时,控制资源分配和能量消耗是至关重要的。为了克服挑战,在本文中,我们严格地分析了每个设备对每轮全球损失减少的贡献,并使用非统一的设备选择方案开发FML算法(称为Nufm)以加速收敛。之后,我们制定了集成NuFM在多通道无线系统中的资源分配问题,共同提高收敛速率并最小化壁钟时间以及能量成本。通过逐步解构原始问题,我们设计了一个联合设备选择和资源分配策略,以解决理论保证问题。此外,我们表明Nufm的计算复杂性可以通过$ O(d ^ 2)$至$ o(d)$(使用模型维度$ d $)通过组合两个一阶近似技术来降低。广泛的仿真结果表明,与现有基线相比,所提出的方法的有效性和优越性。
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作为一个与现实世界互动的虚拟世界,元媒体封装了我们对下一代互联网的期望,同时带来了新的关键绩效指标(KPIS)。常规的超级可靠和低延迟通信(URLLC)可以满足绝大多数客观服务KPI,但是很难为用户提供个性化的荟萃服务体验。由于提高经验质量(QOE)可以被视为当务之急的KPI,因此URLLC朝向下一代URLLC(XURLLC),以支持基于图形技术的荟萃分析。通过将更多资源分配给用户更感兴趣的虚拟对象,可以实现更高的QoE。在本文中,我们研究了元服务提供商(MSP)和网络基础架构提供商(INP)之间的相互作用,以部署Metaverse Xurllc服务。提供了最佳合同设计框架。具体而言,将最大化的MSP的实用程序定义为元用户的QOE的函数,同时确保INP的激励措施。为了建模Metaverse Xurllc服务的Qoe,我们提出了一个名为Meta Immersion的新颖指标,该指标既包含了客观网络KPI和元用户的主观感觉。使用用户对象注意级别(UOAL)数据集,我们开发并验证了注意力吸引人的渲染能力分配方案以改善QOE。结果表明,与常规的URLLC相比,Xurllc平均提高了20.1%的QoE改善。当总资源有限时,QoE改进的比例较高,例如40%。
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Integrated space-air-ground networks promise to offer a valuable solution space for empowering the sixth generation of communication networks (6G), particularly in the context of connecting the unconnected and ultraconnecting the connected. Such digital inclusion thrive makes resource management problems, especially those accounting for load-balancing considerations, of particular interest. The conventional model-based optimization methods, however, often fail to meet the real-time processing and quality-of-service needs, due to the high heterogeneity of the space-air-ground networks, and the typical complexity of the classical algorithms. Given the premises of artificial intelligence at automating wireless networks design and the large-scale heterogeneity of non-terrestrial networks, this paper focuses on showcasing the prospects of machine learning in the context of user scheduling in integrated space-air-ground communications. The paper first overviews the most relevant state-of-the art in the context of machine learning applications to the resource allocation problems, with a dedicated attention to space-air-ground networks. The paper then proposes, and shows the benefit of, one specific use case that uses ensembling deep neural networks for optimizing the user scheduling policies in integrated space-high altitude platform station (HAPS)-ground networks. Finally, the paper sheds light on the challenges and open issues that promise to spur the integration of machine learning in space-air-ground networks, namely, online HAPS power adaptation, learning-based channel sensing, data-driven multi-HAPSs resource management, and intelligent flying taxis-empowered systems.
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Deep learning-based approaches have been developed to solve challenging problems in wireless communications, leading to promising results. Early attempts adopted neural network architectures inherited from applications such as computer vision. They often yield poor performance in large scale networks (i.e., poor scalability) and unseen network settings (i.e., poor generalization). To resolve these issues, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been recently adopted, as they can effectively exploit the domain knowledge, i.e., the graph topology in wireless communications problems. GNN-based methods can achieve near-optimal performance in large-scale networks and generalize well under different system settings, but the theoretical underpinnings and design guidelines remain elusive, which may hinder their practical implementations. This paper endeavors to fill both the theoretical and practical gaps. For theoretical guarantees, we prove that GNNs achieve near-optimal performance in wireless networks with much fewer training samples than traditional neural architectures. Specifically, to solve an optimization problem on an $n$-node graph (where the nodes may represent users, base stations, or antennas), GNNs' generalization error and required number of training samples are $\mathcal{O}(n)$ and $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ times lower than the unstructured multi-layer perceptrons. For design guidelines, we propose a unified framework that is applicable to general design problems in wireless networks, which includes graph modeling, neural architecture design, and theory-guided performance enhancement. Extensive simulations, which cover a variety of important problems and network settings, verify our theory and the effectiveness of the proposed design framework.
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预计未来的无线网络将支持各种移动服务,包括人工智能(AI)服务和无处不在的数据传输。联合学习(FL)作为一种革命性的学习方法,可以跨分布式移动边缘设备进行协作AI模型培训。通过利用多访问通道的叠加属性,无线计算允许同时通过同一无线电资源从大型设备上传,因此大大降低了FL的通信成本。在本文中,我们研究了移动边缘网络中的无线信息和传统信息传输(IT)的共存。我们提出了一个共存的联合学习和信息传输(CFLIT)通信框架,其中FL和IT设备在OFDM系统中共享无线频谱。在此框架下,我们旨在通过优化长期无线电资源分配来最大化IT数据速率并确保给定的FL收敛性能。限制共存系统频谱效率的主要挑战在于,由于服务器和边缘设备之间的频繁通信以进行FL模型聚合,因此发生的大开销。为了应对挑战,我们严格地分析了计算与通信比对无线褪色通道中无线FL融合的影响。该分析揭示了存在最佳计算与通信比率的存在,该比率最大程度地降低了空中FL所需的无线电资源量,以收敛到给定的错误公差。基于分析,我们提出了一种低复杂性在线算法,以共同优化FL设备和IT设备的无线电资源分配。广泛的数值模拟验证了FL和IT设备在无线蜂窝系统中共存的拟议设计的出色性能。
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