以移动为中心的AI应用程序对模型推断的资源效率有很高的要求。输入过滤是消除冗余以降低推理成本的有前途的方法。以前的努力已经针对许多应用程序量身定制了有效解决方案,但是尚未解决两个基本问题:(1)推理工作量的理论滤波器可指导输入过滤技术的应用,从而避免了资源受限的移动应用程序的试用成本; (2)功能嵌入的可辨别性可允许输入过滤对各种推理任务和输入内容有效。为了回答它们,我们首先将输入过滤问题正式化,理论上比较了推理模型和输入过滤器的假设复杂性,以了解优化潜力。然后,我们提出了第一个端到端可学习的输入过滤框架,该框架涵盖了大多数最先进的方法,并以可强大的可区分性嵌入功能。我们设计和实施支持六种输入方式和多个以移动为中心的部署的INFI。综合评估证实了我们的理论结果,并表明INFI在适用性,准确性和效率方面的表现优于强大的基准。 INFI获得8.5倍的吞吐量并节省95%的带宽,同时保持超过90%的精度,以用于移动平台上的视频分析应用程序。
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模型推理的成本效率对于现实世界机器学习(ML)应用至关重要,尤其是对于延迟敏感的任务和资源有限的设备。一个典型的困境是:为了提供复杂的智能服务(例如智能城市),我们需要多种ML模型的推理结果,但是成本预算(例如GPU内存)不足以运行所有这些结果。在这项工作中,我们研究了黑盒ML模型之间的基本关系,并提出了一项新的学习任务:模型链接,该任务旨在通过学习映射(配音模型链接)之间的输出空间之间的学习映射(配音模型链接)来弥合不同的黑盒模型的知识。我们提出了模型链接的设计,该链接支持链接异质的黑盒ML模型。同样,为了解决分布差异挑战,我们提出了模型链接的适应和聚合方法。根据我们提出的模型链接,我们开发了一种名为MLINK的调度算法。通过通过模型链接启用的协作多模型推断,麦克林可以提高成本预算下获得的推理结果的准确性。我们在具有七个不同的ML型号和两个现实世界的视频分析系统和3,264小时的视频上评估了多模式数据集上的麦克林。实验结果表明,我们提出的模型链接可以在各种黑盒模型之间有效构建。在GPU内存的预算下,MLINK可以节省66.7%的推理计算,同时保留94%的推理准确性,这表现优于多任务学习,基于强化的基于强化的计划调度程序和框架过滤基线。
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Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.
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The ubiquity of camera-embedded devices and the advances in deep learning have stimulated various intelligent mobile video applications. These applications often demand on-device processing of video streams to deliver real-time, high-quality services for privacy and robustness concerns. However, the performance of these applications is constrained by the raw video streams, which tend to be taken with small-aperture cameras of ubiquitous mobile platforms in dim light. Despite extensive low-light video enhancement solutions, they are unfit for deployment to mobile devices due to their complex models and and ignorance of system dynamics like energy budgets. In this paper, we propose AdaEnlight, an energy-aware low-light video stream enhancement system on mobile devices. It achieves real-time video enhancement with competitive visual quality while allowing runtime behavior adaptation to the platform-imposed dynamic energy budgets. We report extensive experiments on diverse datasets, scenarios, and platforms and demonstrate the superiority of AdaEnlight compared with state-of-the-art low-light image and video enhancement solutions.
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.
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边缘计算广泛用于视频分析。为了减轻准确性和成本之间的固有张力,已经提出了各种视频分析管道,以优化GPU在边缘节点上的使用。但是,我们发现,由于视频内容的变化,在管道的不同位置的视频内容变化,亚次采样和过滤,因此为边缘节点提供的GPU计算资源通常被低估了。与模型和管道优化相反,在这项工作中,我们使用非确定性和分散的闲置GPU资源研究了机会数据增强的问题。具体而言,我们提出了一个特定于任务的歧视和增强模块以及一种模型感知的对抗性训练机制,提供了一种以准确有效的方式识别和转换特定于视频管道的低质量图像的方法。在延迟和GPU资源限制下,进一步开发了多个EXIT模型结构和资源感知调度程序,以做出在线增强决策和细粒度的执行。多个视频分析管道和数据集的实验表明,通过明智地分配少量的空闲资源,这些框架上倾向于通过增强而产生更大的边际收益,我们的系统将DNN对象检测准确性提高了7.3-11.3 \%,而不会产生任何潜行成本。
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已经提出了高效和自适应计算机视觉系统以使计算机视觉任务,例如图像分类和对象检测,针对嵌入或移动设备进行了优化。这些解决方案最近的起源,专注于通过设计具有近似旋钮的自适应系统来优化模型(深神经网络,DNN)或系统。尽管最近的几项努力,但我们表明现有解决方案遭受了两个主要缺点。首先,系统不考虑模型的能量消耗,同时在制定要运行的模型的决定时。其次,由于其他共同居民工作负载,评估不考虑设备上的争用的实际情况。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种高效和自适应的视频对象检测系统,这是联合优化的精度,能量效率和延迟。底层Virtuoso是一个多分支执行内核,它能够在精度 - 能量 - 延迟轴上的不同运行点处运行,以及轻量级运行时调度程序,以选择最佳的执行分支以满足用户要求。要与Virtuoso相当比较,我们基准于15件最先进的或广泛使用的协议,包括更快的R-CNN(FRCNN),YOLO V3,SSD,培训台,SELSA,MEGA,REPP,FastAdapt和我们的内部FRCNN +,YOLO +,SSD +和高效+(我们的变体具有增强的手机效率)的自适应变体。通过这种全面的基准,Virtuoso对所有上述协议显示出优势,在NVIDIA Jetson Mobile GPU上的每一项效率水平上引领精度边界。具体而言,Virtuoso的准确性为63.9%,比一些流行的物体检测模型高于10%,51.1%,yolo为49.5%。
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深神经网络(DNNS)在各种机器学习(ML)应用程序中取得了巨大成功,在计算机视觉,自然语言处理和虚拟现实等中提供了高质量的推理解决方案。但是,基于DNN的ML应用程序也带来计算和存储要求的增加了很多,对于具有有限的计算/存储资源,紧张的功率预算和较小形式的嵌入式系统而言,这尤其具有挑战性。挑战还来自各种特定应用的要求,包括实时响应,高通量性能和可靠的推理准确性。为了应对这些挑战,我们介绍了一系列有效的设计方法,包括有效的ML模型设计,定制的硬件加速器设计以及硬件/软件共同设计策略,以启用嵌入式系统上有效的ML应用程序。
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数据冗余在深神经网络(DNN)的输入和中间结果中无处不在。它为提高DNN性能和效率提供了许多重要的机会,并在大量工作中探索了。这些研究在几年中都在许多场所散布。他们关注的目标范围从图像到视频和文本,以及他们用于检测和利用数据冗余的技术在许多方面也有所不同。尚无对许多努力进行系统的检查和摘要,使研究人员很难对先前的工作,最新技术,差异和共享原则以及尚未探索的领域和方向进行全面看法。本文试图填补空白。它调查了有关该主题的数百篇论文,引入了一种新颖的分类法,以将各种技术纳入一个单一的分类框架,对用于利用数据冗余的主要方法进行了全面描述,以改善数据的多种DNN,并指出一组未来探索的研究机会。
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Computer vision applications in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and autonomous driving (AD) have gravitated towards deep neural network architectures in recent years. While performance seems to be improving on benchmark datasets, many real-world challenges are yet to be adequately considered in research. This paper conducted an extensive literature review on the applications of computer vision in ITS and AD, and discusses challenges related to data, models, and complex urban environments. The data challenges are associated with the collection and labeling of training data and its relevance to real world conditions, bias inherent in datasets, the high volume of data needed to be processed, and privacy concerns. Deep learning (DL) models are commonly too complex for real-time processing on embedded hardware, lack explainability and generalizability, and are hard to test in real-world settings. Complex urban traffic environments have irregular lighting and occlusions, and surveillance cameras can be mounted at a variety of angles, gather dirt, shake in the wind, while the traffic conditions are highly heterogeneous, with violation of rules and complex interactions in crowded scenarios. Some representative applications that suffer from these problems are traffic flow estimation, congestion detection, autonomous driving perception, vehicle interaction, and edge computing for practical deployment. The possible ways of dealing with the challenges are also explored while prioritizing practical deployment.
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在监控和搜索和救援应用程序中,重要的是在低端设备上实时执行多目标跟踪(MOT)。今天的MOT解决方案采用深度神经网络,往往具有高计算复杂性。识别帧大小对跟踪性能的影响,我们提出了深度,一种模型不可知框架尺寸选择方法,可在现有的全卷积网络基跟踪器之上进行操作,以加速跟踪吞吐量。在培训阶段,我们将可检测性分数纳入单次跟踪器架构,使得DeepScale以自我监督的方式学习不同帧大小的表示估计。在推理期间,它可以根据基于用户控制参数根据视觉内容的复杂性来调整帧大小。为了利用边缘服务器上的计算资源,我们提出了两个计算分区模式,即仅使用自适应帧大小传输和边缘服务器辅助跟踪仅适用于MOT,即边缘服务器。 MOT数据集的广泛实验和基准测试证明了深度的有效性和灵活性。与最先进的追踪器相比,DeepScale ++,DeepScale的变种实现1.57倍加速,仅在一个配置中的MOT15数据集上跟踪准确性。我们已经实现和评估了DeepScale ++,以及由NVIDIA JETSON TX2板和GPU服务器组成的小型测试平台上所提出的计算分区方案。实验显示与仅服务器或智能相机的解决方案相比跟踪性能和延迟之间的非琐碎权衡。
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机器学习的进步为低端互联网节点(例如微控制器)带来了新的机会,将情报带入了情报。传统的机器学习部署具有较高的记忆力,并计算足迹阻碍了其在超资源约束的微控制器上的直接部署。本文强调了为MicroController类设备启用机载机器学习的独特要求。研究人员为资源有限的应用程序使用专门的模型开发工作流程,以确保计算和延迟预算在设备限制之内,同时仍保持所需的性能。我们表征了微控制器类设备的机器学习模型开发的广泛适用的闭环工作流程,并表明几类应用程序采用了它的特定实例。我们通过展示多种用例,将定性和数值见解介绍到模型开发的不同阶段。最后,我们确定了开放的研究挑战和未解决的问题,要求仔细考虑前进。
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已知人体大脑能够通过更快的内存编码和在激活的神经元上访问程序来加速反复呈现对象的视觉识别。我们首次借用并将这种能力归入语义记忆设计,即SMTM,以改善设备上的CNN推断。 SMTM采用分层内存架构来利用感兴趣对象的长尾分布,并进一步融合了几种新颖的技术来将其放入效果:(1)它将高维特征映射到低维,语义向量中,用于低 - 成本准确的缓存和查找; (2)它使用一种小型度量来确定考虑不同层的固有特征的退出时间; (3)它自适应地调整缓存大小和语义向量以适应场景动态。 SMTM在商品CNN发动机上原型设计,并在移动CPU和GPU上运行。大规模数据集和模型的广泛实验表明,SMTM可以显着加快标准方法(最多2x)和先前缓存设计(高达1.5倍)的模型推断,可接受的精度损耗。
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我们提出了一种新的四管齐下的方法,在文献中首次建立消防员的情境意识。我们构建了一系列深度学习框架,彼此之叠,以提高消防员在紧急首次响应设置中进行的救援任务的安全性,效率和成功完成。首先,我们使用深度卷积神经网络(CNN)系统,以实时地分类和识别来自热图像的感兴趣对象。接下来,我们将此CNN框架扩展了对象检测,跟踪,分割与掩码RCNN框架,以及具有多模级自然语言处理(NLP)框架的场景描述。第三,我们建立了一个深入的Q学习的代理,免受压力引起的迷失方向和焦虑,能够根据现场消防环境中观察和存储的事实来制定明确的导航决策。最后,我们使用了一种低计算无监督的学习技术,称为张量分解,在实时对异常检测进行有意义的特征提取。通过这些临时深度学习结构,我们建立了人工智能系统的骨干,用于消防员的情境意识。要将设计的系统带入消防员的使用,我们设计了一种物理结构,其中处理后的结果被用作创建增强现实的投入,这是一个能够建议他们所在地的消防员和周围的关键特征,这对救援操作至关重要在手头,以及路径规划功能,充当虚拟指南,以帮助迷彩的第一个响应者恢复安全。当组合时,这四种方法呈现了一种新颖的信息理解,转移和综合方法,这可能会大大提高消防员响应和功效,并降低寿命损失。
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基于无人机(UAV)基于无人机的视觉对象跟踪已实现了广泛的应用,并且由于其多功能性和有效性而引起了智能运输系统领域的越来越多的关注。作为深度学习革命性趋势的新兴力量,暹罗网络在基于无人机的对象跟踪中闪耀,其准确性,稳健性和速度有希望的平衡。由于开发了嵌入式处理器和深度神经网络的逐步优化,暹罗跟踪器获得了广泛的研究并实现了与无人机的初步组合。但是,由于无人机在板载计算资源和复杂的现实情况下,暹罗网络的空中跟踪仍然在许多方面都面临严重的障碍。为了进一步探索基于无人机的跟踪中暹罗网络的部署,这项工作对前沿暹罗跟踪器进行了全面的审查,以及使用典型的无人机板载处理器进行评估的详尽无人用分析。然后,进行板载测试以验证代表性暹罗跟踪器在现实世界无人机部署中的可行性和功效。此外,为了更好地促进跟踪社区的发展,这项工作分析了现有的暹罗跟踪器的局限性,并进行了以低弹片评估表示的其他实验。最后,深入讨论了基于无人机的智能运输系统的暹罗跟踪的前景。领先的暹罗跟踪器的统一框架,即代码库及其实验评估的结果,请访问https://github.com/vision4robotics/siamesetracking4uav。
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Along with the springing up of semantics-empowered communication (SemCom) researches, it is now witnessing an unprecedentedly growing interest towards a wide range of aspects (e.g., theories, applications, metrics and implementations) in both academia and industry. In this work, we primarily aim to provide a comprehensive survey on both the background and research taxonomy, as well as a detailed technical tutorial. Specifically, we start by reviewing the literature and answering the "what" and "why" questions in semantic transmissions. Afterwards, we present corresponding ecosystems, including theories, metrics, datasets and toolkits, on top of which the taxonomy for research directions is presented. Furthermore, we propose to categorize the critical enabling techniques by explicit and implicit reasoning-based methods, and elaborate on how they evolve and contribute to modern content \& channel semantics-empowered communications. Besides reviewing and summarizing the latest efforts in SemCom, we discuss the relations with other communication levels (e.g., reliable and goal-oriented communications) from a holistic and unified viewpoint. Subsequently, in order to facilitate the future developments and industrial applications, we also highlight advanced practical techniques for boosting semantic accuracy, robustness, and large-scale scalability, just to mention a few. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges that shed light on future research opportunities.
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随着智能设备和物联网无处不在的部署的出现,机器学习推断的数据源已越来越多地转移到网络的边缘。现有的机器学习推理平台通常假设一个均匀的基础架构,并且不考虑包括边缘设备,本地集线器,边缘数据中心和云数据中心的更复杂和分层的计算基础架构。另一方面,最近的Automl工作为异质环境提供了可行的解决方案,用于模型压缩,修剪和量化。对于机器学习模型,现在我们可能很容易找到甚至生成一系列在准确性和效率之间进行不同权衡的模型。我们设计和实施Jellybean,这是一种用于服务和优化机器学习推理工作流程的系统。给定的服务级目标(例如,吞吐量,准确性),Jellybean选择了满足准确性目标的最具成本效益的模型,并决定如何在基础架构的不同层次上部署它们。评估表明,与最先进的模型选择和工人分配解决方案相比,Jellybean的视觉问题回答总成本最高可达58%,而NVIDIA AI City Challenge的车辆跟踪最多可达36%。 Jellybean还优于先前的ML服务系统(例如,在云上火花)的服务成本高达5倍。
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动态神经网络是深度学习中的新兴的研究课题。与具有推断阶段的固定计算图和参数的静态模型相比,动态网络可以使其结构或参数适应不同的输入,从而在本调查中的准确性,计算效率,适应性等方面的显着优势。我们全面地通过将动态网络分为三个主要类别:1)使用数据相关的架构或参数进行处理的实例 - Wise-Wise DiveS动态模型的速度开发区域2)关于图像数据的不同空间位置和3)沿着诸如视频和文本的顺序数据的时间维度执行自适应推断的时间明智的动态模型进行自适应计算的空间 - 方向动态网络。系统地审查了动态网络的重要研究问题,例如架构设计,决策方案,优化技术和应用。最后,我们与有趣的未来研究方向讨论了该领域的开放问题。
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自治机器人目前是最受欢迎的人工智能问题之一,在过去十年中,从自动驾驶汽车和人形系统到交付机器人和无人机,这是一项最受欢迎的智能问题。部分问题是获得一个机器人,以模仿人类的感知,我们的视觉感,用诸如神经网络等数学模型用相机和大脑的眼睛替换眼睛。开发一个能够在没有人为干预的情况下驾驶汽车的AI和一个小型机器人在城市中递送包裹可能看起来像不同的问题,因此来自感知和视觉的观点来看,这两个问题都有几种相似之处。我们目前的主要解决方案通过使用计算机视觉技术,机器学习和各种算法来实现对环境感知的关注,使机器人理解环境或场景,移动,调整其轨迹并执行其任务(维护,探索,等。)无需人为干预。在这项工作中,我们从头开始开发一个小型自动车辆,能够仅使用视觉信息理解场景,通过工业环境导航,检测人员和障碍,或执行简单的维护任务。我们审查了基本问题的最先进问题,并证明了小规模采用的许多方法类似于来自特斯拉或Lyft等公司的真正自动驾驶汽车中使用的方法。最后,我们讨论了当前的机器人和自主驾驶状态以及我们在这一领域找到的技术和道德限制。
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Semantic segmentation works on the computer vision algorithm for assigning each pixel of an image into a class. The task of semantic segmentation should be performed with both accuracy and efficiency. Most of the existing deep FCNs yield to heavy computations and these networks are very power hungry, unsuitable for real-time applications on portable devices. This project analyzes current semantic segmentation models to explore the feasibility of applying these models for emergency response during catastrophic events. We compare the performance of real-time semantic segmentation models with non-real-time counterparts constrained by aerial images under oppositional settings. Furthermore, we train several models on the Flood-Net dataset, containing UAV images captured after Hurricane Harvey, and benchmark their execution on special classes such as flooded buildings vs. non-flooded buildings or flooded roads vs. non-flooded roads. In this project, we developed a real-time UNet based model and deployed that network on Jetson AGX Xavier module.
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