Federated learning (FL) has been recognized as a privacy-preserving distributed machine learning paradigm that enables knowledge sharing among various heterogeneous artificial intelligence (AIoT) devices through centralized global model aggregation. FL suffers from model inaccuracy and slow convergence due to the model heterogeneity of the AIoT devices involved. Although various existing methods try to solve the bottleneck of the model heterogeneity problem, most of them improve the accuracy of heterogeneous models in a coarse-grained manner, which makes it still a great challenge to deploy large-scale AIoT devices. To alleviate the negative impact of this problem and take full advantage of the diversity of each heterogeneous model, we propose an efficient framework named HierarchyFL, which uses a small amount of public data for efficient and scalable knowledge across a variety of differently structured models. By using self-distillation and our proposed ensemble library, each hierarchical model can intelligently learn from each other on cloud servers. Experimental results on various well-known datasets show that HierarchyFL can not only maximize the knowledge sharing among various heterogeneous models in large-scale AIoT systems, but also greatly improve the model performance of each involved heterogeneous AIoT device.
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作为一种有希望的隐私机器学习方法,联合学习(FL)可以使客户跨客户培训,而不会损害其机密的本地数据。但是,现有的FL方法遇到了不均分布数据的推理性能低的问题,因为它们中的大多数依赖于联合平均(FIDAVG)基于联合的聚合。通过以粗略的方式平均模型参数,FedAvg将局部模型的个体特征黯然失色,这极大地限制了FL的推理能力。更糟糕的是,在每一轮FL培训中,FedAvg向客户端向客户派遣了相同的初始本地模型,这很容易导致对最佳全局模型的局限性搜索。为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种新颖有效的FL范式,名为FEDMR(联合模型重组)。与传统的基于FedAvg的方法不同,FEDMR的云服务器将收集到的本地型号的每一层层混合,并重组它们以实现新的模型,以供客户端培训。由于在每场FL比赛中进行了细粒度的模型重组和本地培训,FEDMR可以迅速为所有客户找出一个全球最佳模型。全面的实验结果表明,与最先进的FL方法相比,FEDMR可以显着提高推理准确性而不会引起额外的通信开销。
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作为一个有前途的分布式机器学习范式,联合学习(FL)在不影响用户隐私的情况下培训具有分散数据的中央模型,这使得其被人工智能互联网(AIT)应用程序广泛使用。然而,传统的流体遭受了模型不准确,因为它会使用数据硬标签培训本地模型,并忽略与小概率不正确的预测的有用信息。虽然各种解决方案尽量解决传统流域的瓶颈,但大多数人都引入了显着的通信和记忆开销,使大规模的AIOT设备部署成为一个巨大的挑战。为了解决上述问题,本文提出了一种基于蒸馏的新型联合学习(DFL)架构,可实现AIT应用的高效准确。灵感来自知识蒸馏(KD),可以提高模型准确性,我们的方法将KD使用的软目标添加到FL模型培训,占用可忽略不计的网络资源。在每轮本地训练之后,通过每种充气设备的局部样品预测生成软目标,并用于下一轮模型训练。在DFL的本地培训期间,软目标和硬质标签都被用作模型预测的近似目标,以通过补充软目标的知识来提高模型准确性。为了进一步提高DFL模型的性能,我们设计了一种动态调整策略,用于调整KD中使用的两个损耗功能的比率,这可以最大限度地利用软目标和硬质标签。众所周知的基准测试的全面实验结果表明,我们的方法可以显着提高独立和相同分布(IID)和非IID数据的FL的模型精度。
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随着对用户数据隐私的越来越关注,联合学习(FL)已被开发为在边缘设备上训练机器学习模型的独特培训范式,而无需访问敏感数据。传统的FL和现有方法直接在云服务器的同一型号和培训设备的所有边缘上采用聚合方法。尽管这些方法保护了数据隐私,但它们不能具有模型异质性,甚至忽略了异质的计算能力,也可以忽略陡峭的沟通成本。在本文中,我们目的是将资源感知的FL汇总为从边缘模型中提取的本地知识的集合,而不是汇总每个本地模型的权重,然后将其蒸馏成一个强大的全局知识,作为服务器模型通过知识蒸馏。通过深入的相互学习,将本地模型和全球知识提取到很小的知识网络中。这种知识提取使Edge客户端可以部署资源感知模型并执行多模型知识融合,同时保持沟通效率和模型异质性。经验结果表明,在异质数据和模型中的通信成本和概括性能方面,我们的方法比现有的FL算法有了显着改善。我们的方法将VGG-11的沟通成本降低了102美元$ \ times $和Resnet-32,当培训Resnet-20作为知识网络时,最多可达30美元$ \ times $。
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联合学习(FL)可以培训全球模型,而无需共享存储在多个设备上的分散的原始数据以保护数据隐私。由于设备的能力多样化,FL框架难以解决Straggler效应和过时模型的问题。此外,数据异质性在FL训练过程中会导致全球模型的严重准确性降解。为了解决上述问题,我们提出了一个层次同步FL框架,即Fedhisyn。 Fedhisyn首先根据其计算能力将所有可​​用的设备簇分为少数类别。经过一定的本地培训间隔后,将不同类别培训的模型同时上传到中央服务器。在单个类别中,设备根据环形拓扑会相互传达局部更新的模型权重。随着环形拓扑中训练的效率更喜欢具有均匀资源的设备,基于计算能力的分类减轻了Straggler效应的影响。此外,多个类别的同步更新与单个类别中的设备通信的组合有助于解决数据异质性问题,同时达到高精度。我们评估了基于MNIST,EMNIST,CIFAR10和CIFAR100数据集的提议框架以及设备的不同异质设置。实验结果表明,在训练准确性和效率方面,Fedhisyn的表现优于六种基线方法,例如FedAvg,脚手架和Fedat。
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近年来,个性化联邦学习(PFL)引起了越来越关注其在客户之间处理统计异质性的潜力。然而,最先进的PFL方法依赖于服务器端的模型参数聚合,这需要所有模型具有相同的结构和大小,因此限制了应用程序以实现更多异构场景。要处理此类模型限制,我们利用异构模型设置的潜力,并提出了一种新颖的培训框架,为不同客户使用个性化模型。具体而言,我们将原始PFL中的聚合过程分为个性化组知识转移训练算法,即KT-PFL,这使得每个客户端能够在服务器端维护个性化软预测以指导其他人的本地培训。 KT-PFL通过使用知识系数矩阵的所有本地软预测的线性组合更新每个客户端的个性化软预测,这可以自适应地加强拥有类似数据分布的客户端之间的协作。此外,为了量化每个客户对他人的个性化培训的贡献,知识系数矩阵是参数化的,以便可以与模型同时培训。知识系数矩阵和模型参数在每轮梯度下降方式之后的每一轮中可替代地更新。在不同的设置(异构模型和数据分布)下进行各种数据集(EMNIST,Fashion \ _Mnist,CIFAR-10)的广泛实验。据证明,所提出的框架是第一个通过参数化群体知识转移实现个性化模型培训的联邦学习范例,同时实现与最先进的算法比较的显着性能增益。
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Federated Learning (FL) is extensively used to train AI/ML models in distributed and privacy-preserving settings. Participant edge devices in FL systems typically contain non-independent and identically distributed~(Non-IID) private data and unevenly distributed computational resources. Preserving user data privacy while optimizing AI/ML models in a heterogeneous federated network requires us to address data heterogeneity and system/resource heterogeneity. Hence, we propose \underline{R}esource-\underline{a}ware \underline{F}ederated \underline{L}earning~(RaFL) to address these challenges. RaFL allocates resource-aware models to edge devices using Neural Architecture Search~(NAS) and allows heterogeneous model architecture deployment by knowledge extraction and fusion. Integrating NAS into FL enables on-demand customized model deployment for resource-diverse edge devices. Furthermore, we propose a multi-model architecture fusion scheme allowing the aggregation of the distributed learning results. Results demonstrate RaFL's superior resource efficiency compared to SoTA.
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联合学习的一个关键挑战是客户之间的数据异质性和失衡,这导致本地网络与全球模型不稳定的融合之间的不一致。为了减轻局限性,我们提出了一种新颖的建筑正则化技术,该技术通过在几个不同级别上接管本地和全球子网,在每个本地模型中构建多个辅助分支通过在线知识蒸馏。该提出的技术即使在非IID环境中也可以有效地鲁棒化,并且适用于各种联合学习框架,而不会产生额外的沟通成本。与现有方法相比,我们进行了全面的经验研究,并在准确性和效率方面表现出显着的性能提高。源代码可在我们的项目页面上找到。
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一滴联合学习(FL)最近被出现为有希望的方法,允许中央服务器在单个通信中学习模型。尽管通信成本低,但现有的一次性的单次方法大多是不切实际或面临的固有限制,例如,需要公共数据集,客户的型号是同质的,需要上传其他数据/型号信息。为了克服这些问题,我们提出了一种更实用的无数据方法,名为FEDSYN的一枪框架,具有异质性。我们的Fedsyn通过数据生成阶段和模型蒸馏阶段列出全球模型。据我们所知,FEDSYN是由于以下优点,FEDSYN可以实际应用于各种实际应用程序的方法:(1)FEDSYN不需要在客户端之间传输的其他信息(模型参数除外)服务器; (2)FEDSYN不需要任何用于培训的辅助数据集; (3)FEDSYN是第一个考虑FL中的模型和统计异质性,即客户的数据是非IID,不同的客户端可能具有不同的模型架构。关于各种现实世界数据集的实验表明了我们的Fedsyn的优越性。例如,当数据是非IID时,FEDSYN在CIFAR10数据集中优于CEFAR10数据集的最佳基线方法FED-ADI的最佳基准方法。
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Federated Learning (FL) enables the training of Deep Learning models without centrally collecting possibly sensitive raw data. This paves the way for stronger privacy guarantees when building predictive models. The most used algorithms for FL are parameter-averaging based schemes (e.g., Federated Averaging) that, however, have well known limits: (i) Clients must implement the same model architecture; (ii) Transmitting model weights and model updates implies high communication cost, which scales up with the number of model parameters; (iii) In presence of non-IID data distributions, parameter-averaging aggregation schemes perform poorly due to client model drifts. Federated adaptations of regular Knowledge Distillation (KD) can solve and/or mitigate the weaknesses of parameter-averaging FL algorithms while possibly introducing other trade-offs. In this article, we provide a review of KD-based algorithms tailored for specific FL issues.
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联合学习(FL)是以隐私性的方式从分散数据培训全球模型的重要范例。现有的FL方法通常假定可以对任何参与客户端进行培训。但是,在实际应用中,客户的设备通常是异质的,并且具有不同的计算能力。尽管像伯特这样的大型模型在AI中取得了巨大的成功,但很难将它们应用于弱客户的异质FL。直接的解决方案(例如删除弱客户端或使用小型模型适合所有客户端)将带来一些问题,例如由于数据丢失或有限的模型表示能力而导致的掉落客户端的代表性不足和劣等精度。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种包含客户的联合学习方法,以解决此问题。包容性FL的核心思想是将不同尺寸的模型分配给具有不同计算功能的客户,为功能强大的客户提供的较大模型以及针对弱客户的较小客户。我们还提出了一种有效的方法,可以在多个具有不同大小的本地模型之间共享知识。这样,所有客户都可以参与FL中的模型学习,最终模型可以足够大。此外,我们提出了一种动量知识蒸馏方法,以更好地转移强大客户的大型模型中的知识,向弱客户的小型模型。在许多实际基准数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了该方法在FL框架下使用异质设备的客户学习准确模型的有效性。
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将知识蒸馏应用于个性化的跨筒仓联合学习,可以很好地减轻用户异质性的问题。然而,这种方法需要一个代理数据集,这很难在现实世界中获得。此外,基于参数平均的全球模型将导致用户隐私的泄漏。我们介绍了一个分布式的三位玩家GaN来实现客户之间的DataFree共蒸馏。该技术减轻了用户异质性问题,更好地保护用户隐私。我们证实,GaN产生的方法可以使联合蒸馏更有效和稳健,并且在获得全球知识的基础上,共蒸馏可以为各个客户达到良好的性能。我们对基准数据集的广泛实验证明了与最先进的方法的卓越的泛化性能。
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Federated learning achieves joint training of deep models by connecting decentralized data sources, which can significantly mitigate the risk of privacy leakage. However, in a more general case, the distributions of labels among clients are different, called ``label distribution skew''. Directly applying conventional federated learning without consideration of label distribution skew issue significantly hurts the performance of the global model. To this end, we propose a novel federated learning method, named FedMGD, to alleviate the performance degradation caused by the label distribution skew issue. It introduces a global Generative Adversarial Network to model the global data distribution without access to local datasets, so the global model can be trained using the global information of data distribution without privacy leakage. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art on several public benchmarks. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/Sheng-T/FedMGD}.
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The growing interest in intelligent services and privacy protection for mobile devices has given rise to the widespread application of federated learning in Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC). Diverse user behaviors call for personalized services with heterogeneous Machine Learning (ML) models on different devices. Federated Multi-task Learning (FMTL) is proposed to train related but personalized ML models for different devices, whereas previous works suffer from excessive communication overhead during training and neglect the model heterogeneity among devices in MEC. Introducing knowledge distillation into FMTL can simultaneously enable efficient communication and model heterogeneity among clients, whereas existing methods rely on a public dataset, which is impractical in reality. To tackle this dilemma, Federated MultI-task Distillation for Multi-access Edge CompuTing (FedICT) is proposed. FedICT direct local-global knowledge aloof during bi-directional distillation processes between clients and the server, aiming to enable multi-task clients while alleviating client drift derived from divergent optimization directions of client-side local models. Specifically, FedICT includes Federated Prior Knowledge Distillation (FPKD) and Local Knowledge Adjustment (LKA). FPKD is proposed to reinforce the clients' fitting of local data by introducing prior knowledge of local data distributions. Moreover, LKA is proposed to correct the distillation loss of the server, making the transferred local knowledge better match the generalized representation. Experiments on three datasets show that FedICT significantly outperforms all compared benchmarks in various data heterogeneous and model architecture settings, achieving improved accuracy with less than 1.2% training communication overhead compared with FedAvg and no more than 75% training communication round compared with FedGKT.
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最近联合学习(FL)范式的潜在假设是本地模型通常与全局模型共享与全局模型相同的网络架构,这对于具有不同的硬件和基础架构的移动和IOT设备变得不切实际。可扩展的联合学习框架应该解决配备不同计算和通信功能的异构客户端。为此,本文提出了一种新的联合模型压缩框架,它将异构低级模型分配给客户端,然后将它们聚合到全局全级模型中。我们的解决方案使得能够培训具有不同计算复杂性的异构本地模型,并汇总单个全局模型。此外,FEDHM不仅降低了设备的计算复杂性,而且还通过使用低秩模型来降低通信成本。广泛的实验结果表明,我们提出的\ System在测试顶-1精度(平均精度4.6%的精度增益)方面优于现行修剪的液体方法,在各种异构流域下较小的型号尺寸(平均较小为1.5倍) 。
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联合学习(FL)根据多个本地客户端协同聚合共享全球模型,同时保持培训数据分散以保护数据隐私。但是,标准的FL方法忽略了嘈杂的客户问题,这可能会损害聚合模型的整体性能。在本文中,我们首先分析了嘈杂的客户声明,然后用不同的噪声分布模型噪声客户端(例如,Bernoulli和截断的高斯分布)。要使用嘈杂的客户,我们提出了一个简单但有效的FL框架,名为联邦嘈杂的客户学习(FED-NCL),它是一个即插即用算法,并包含两个主要组件:动态的数据质量测量(DQM)量化每个参与客户端的数据质量,以及噪声鲁棒聚合(NRA),通过共同考虑本地训练数据和每个客户端的数据质量来自适应地聚合每个客户端的本地模型。我们的FED-NCL可以轻松应用于任何标准的流行流以处理嘈杂的客户端问题。各种数据集的实验结果表明,我们的算法提高了具有嘈杂客户端的不同现实系统的性能。
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The heterogeneity of hardware and data is a well-known and studied problem in the community of Federated Learning (FL) as running under heterogeneous settings. Recently, custom-size client models trained with Knowledge Distillation (KD) has emerged as a viable strategy for tackling the heterogeneity challenge. However, previous efforts in this direction are aimed at client model tuning rather than their impact onto the knowledge aggregation of the global model. Despite performance of global models being the primary objective of FL systems, under heterogeneous settings client models have received more attention. Here, we provide more insights into how the chosen approach for training custom client models has an impact on the global model, which is essential for any FL application. We show the global model can fully leverage the strength of KD with heterogeneous data. Driven by empirical observations, we further propose a new approach that combines KD and Learning without Forgetting (LwoF) to produce improved personalised models. We bring heterogeneous FL on pair with the mighty FedAvg of homogeneous FL, in realistic deployment scenarios with dropping clients.
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Federated Learning (FL) has become a key choice for distributed machine learning. Initially focused on centralized aggregation, recent works in FL have emphasized greater decentralization to adapt to the highly heterogeneous network edge. Among these, Hierarchical, Device-to-Device and Gossip Federated Learning (HFL, D2DFL \& GFL respectively) can be considered as foundational FL algorithms employing fundamental aggregation strategies. A number of FL algorithms were subsequently proposed employing multiple fundamental aggregation schemes jointly. Existing research, however, subjects the FL algorithms to varied conditions and gauges the performance of these algorithms mainly against Federated Averaging (FedAvg) only. This work consolidates the FL landscape and offers an objective analysis of the major FL algorithms through a comprehensive cross-evaluation for a wide range of operating conditions. In addition to the three foundational FL algorithms, this work also analyzes six derived algorithms. To enable a uniform assessment, a multi-FL framework named FLAGS: Federated Learning AlGorithms Simulation has been developed for rapid configuration of multiple FL algorithms. Our experiments indicate that fully decentralized FL algorithms achieve comparable accuracy under multiple operating conditions, including asynchronous aggregation and the presence of stragglers. Furthermore, decentralized FL can also operate in noisy environments and with a comparably higher local update rate. However, the impact of extremely skewed data distributions on decentralized FL is much more adverse than on centralized variants. The results indicate that it may not be necessary to restrict the devices to a single FL algorithm; rather, multi-FL nodes may operate with greater efficiency.
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联邦学习一直是一个热门的研究主题,使不同组织的机器学习模型的协作培训在隐私限制下。随着研究人员试图支持更多具有不同隐私方法的机器学习模型,需要开发系统和基础设施,以便于开发各种联合学习算法。类似于Pytorch和Tensorflow等深度学习系统,可以增强深度学习的发展,联邦学习系统(FLSS)是等效的,并且面临各个方面的面临挑战,如有效性,效率和隐私。在本调查中,我们对联合学习系统进行了全面的审查。为实现流畅的流动和引导未来的研究,我们介绍了联合学习系统的定义并分析了系统组件。此外,我们根据六种不同方面提供联合学习系统的全面分类,包括数据分布,机器学习模型,隐私机制,通信架构,联合集市和联合的动机。分类可以帮助设计联合学习系统,如我们的案例研究所示。通过系统地总结现有联合学习系统,我们展示了设计因素,案例研究和未来的研究机会。
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联邦学习(FL)旨在以隐私的方式从大规模的分散设备中学习联合知识。但是,由于高质量标记的数据需要昂贵的人类智能和努力,因此带有错误标签的数据(称为嘈杂标签)无处不在,实际上不可避免地会导致性能退化。尽管提出了许多直接处理嘈杂标签的方法,但这些方法要么需要过多的计算开销,要么违反FL的隐私保护原则。为此,我们将重点放在FL上,目的是减轻嘈杂标签所产生的性能退化,同时保证数据隐私。具体而言,我们提出了一种局部自我调节方法,该方法通过隐式阻碍模型记忆噪声标签并明确地缩小了使用自我蒸馏之间的原始实例和增强实例之间的模型输出差异,从而有效地规范了局部训练过程。实验结果表明,我们提出的方法可以在三个基准数据集上的各种噪声水平中获得明显的抵抗力。此外,我们将方法与现有的最新方法集成在一起,并在实际数据集服装1M上实现卓越的性能。该代码可在https://github.com/sprinter1999/fedlsr上找到。
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