Harmonic functions are abundant in nature, appearing in limiting cases of Maxwell's, Navier-Stokes equations, the heat and the wave equation. Consequently, there are many applications of harmonic functions, spanning applications from industrial process optimisation to robotic path planning and the calculation of first exit times of random walks. Despite their ubiquity and relevance, there have been few attempts to develop effective means of representing harmonic functions in the context of machine learning architectures, either in machine learning on classical computers, or in the nascent field of quantum machine learning. Architectures which impose or encourage an inductive bias towards harmonic functions would facilitate data-driven modelling and the solution of inverse problems in a range of applications. For classical neural networks, it has already been established how leveraging inductive biases can in general lead to improved performance of learning algorithms. The introduction of such inductive biases within a quantum machine learning setting is instead still in its nascent stages. In this work, we derive exactly-harmonic (conventional- and quantum-) neural networks in two dimensions for simply-connected domains by leveraging the characteristics of holomorphic complex functions. We then demonstrate how these can be approximately extended to multiply-connected two-dimensional domains using techniques inspired by domain decomposition in physics-informed neural networks. We further provide architectures and training protocols to effectively impose approximately harmonic constraints in three dimensions and higher, and as a corollary we report divergence-free network architectures in arbitrary dimensions. Our approaches are demonstrated with applications to heat transfer, electrostatics and robot navigation, with comparisons to physics-informed neural networks included.

量子计算有望加快科学和工程中的一些最具挑战性问题。已经提出了量子算法，显示了从化学到物流优化的应用中的理论优势。科学和工程中出现的许多问题可以作为一组微分方程重写。用于求解微分方程的量子算法已经示出了容错量计算制度中的可提供的优势，其中深宽的量子电路可用于求解局部微分方程（PDES）的大型线性系统。最近，提出了求解非线性PDE的变分方法也具有近术语量子器件。最有前途的一般方法之一是基于近期科学机器学习领域的发展来解决PDE。我们将近期量子计算机的适用性扩展到更一般的科学机器学习任务，包括从测量数据集发现微分方程。我们使用可分辨率量子电路（DQC）来解决由操作员库参数化的等式，并在数据和方程的组合上执行回归。我们的结果显示了普通模型发现（QMOD）的有希望的路径，在经典和量子机器学习方法之间的界面上。我们在不同系统上展示了成功的参数推断和方程发现，包括二阶，常微分方程和非线性部分微分方程。

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.

物理信息的神经网络（PINN）是神经网络（NNS），它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程，例如部分微分方程（PDE）。如今，PINN是用于求解PDE，分数方程，积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架，在该框架中，NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述：虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络，这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩（Vanilla Pinn）以及许多其他变体，例如物理受限的神经网络（PCNN），各种HP-VPINN，变量HP-VPINN，VPINN，VPINN，变体。和保守的Pinn（CPINN）。该研究表明，大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能，梯度优化技术，神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛，但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法（FEM）等经典数值技术更可行的能力，但仍有可能的进步，最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。

Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.

We investigate the parameterization of deep neural networks that by design satisfy the continuity equation, a fundamental conservation law. This is enabled by the observation that any solution of the continuity equation can be represented as a divergence-free vector field. We hence propose building divergence-free neural networks through the concept of differential forms, and with the aid of automatic differentiation, realize two practical constructions. As a result, we can parameterize pairs of densities and vector fields that always exactly satisfy the continuity equation, foregoing the need for extra penalty methods or expensive numerical simulation. Furthermore, we prove these models are universal and so can be used to represent any divergence-free vector field. Finally, we experimentally validate our approaches by computing neural network-based solutions to fluid equations, solving for the Hodge decomposition, and learning dynamical optimal transport maps.

在本文中，我们介绍了一种基于距离场的新方法，以确保物理知识的深神经网络中的边界条件。众所周知，满足网状紫外线和颗粒方法中的Dirichlet边界条件的挑战是众所周知的。该问题在物理信息的开发中也是相关的，用于解决部分微分方程的解。我们在人工神经网络中介绍几何意识的试验功能，以改善偏微分方程的深度学习培训。为此，我们使用来自建设性的实体几何（R函数）和广义的等级坐标（平均值潜在字段）的概念来构建$ \ phi $，对域边界的近似距离函数。要恰好施加均匀的Dirichlet边界条件，试验函数乘以\ PHI $乘以PINN近似，并且通过Transfinite插值的泛化用于先验满足的不均匀Dirichlet（必要），Neumann（自然）和Robin边界复杂几何形状的条件。在这样做时，我们消除了与搭配方法中的边界条件满意相关的建模误差，并确保以ritz方法点点到运动可视性。我们在具有仿射和弯曲边界的域上的线性和非线性边值问题的数值解。 1D中的基准问题，用于线性弹性，平面扩散和光束弯曲;考虑了泊松方程的2D，考虑了双音态方程和非线性欧克隆方程。该方法延伸到更高的尺寸，并通过在4D超立方套上解决彼此与均匀的Dirichlet边界条件求泊松问题来展示其使用。该研究提供了用于网眼分析的途径，以在没有域离散化的情况下在确切的几何图形上进行。

Despite great progress in simulating multiphysics problems using the numerical discretization of partial differential equations (PDEs), one still cannot seamlessly incorporate noisy data into existing algorithms, mesh generation remains complex, and high-dimensional problems governed by parameterized PDEs cannot be tackled. Moreover, solving inverse problems with hidden physics is often prohibitively expensive and requires different formulations and elaborate computer codes. Machine learning has emerged as a promising alternative, but training deep neural networks requires big data, not always available for scientific problems. Instead, such networks can be trained from additional information obtained by enforcing the physical laws (for example, at random points in the continuous space-time domain). Such physics-informed learning integrates (noisy) data and mathematical models, and implements them through neural networks or other kernel-based regression networks. Moreover, it may be possible to design specialized network architectures that automatically satisfy some of the physical invariants for better accuracy, faster training and improved generalization. Here, we review some of the prevailing trends in embedding physics into machine learning, present some of the current capabilities and limitations and discuss diverse applications of physics-informed learning both for forward and inverse problems, including discovering hidden physics and tackling high-dimensional problems.

量子计算有可能彻底改变和改变我们的生活和理解世界的方式。该审查旨在提供对量子计算的可访问介绍，重点是统计和数据分析中的应用。我们从介绍了了解量子计算所需的基本概念以及量子和经典计算之间的差异。我们描述了用作量子算法的构建块的核心量子子程序。然后，我们审查了一系列预期的量子算法，以便在统计和机器学习中提供计算优势。我们突出了将量子计算应用于统计问题的挑战和机遇，并讨论潜在的未来研究方向。

量子信息技术的快速发展显示了在近期量子设备中模拟量子场理论的有希望的机会。在这项工作中，我们制定了1+1尺寸$ \ lambda \ phi \ phi^4 $量子场理论的（时间依赖性）变异量子模拟理论，包括编码，状态准备和时间演化，并具有多个数值模拟结果。这些算法可以理解为Jordan-Lee-Preskill算法的近期变异类似物，这是使用通用量子设备模拟量子场理论的基本算法。此外，我们强调了基于LSZ降低公式和几种计算效率的谐波振荡器基础编码的优势，例如在实施单一耦合群集ANSATZ的肺泡版本时，以准备初始状态。我们还讨论了如何在量子场理论仿真中规避“光谱拥挤”问题，并根据州和子空间保真度评估我们的算法。

量子计算机是下一代设备，有望执行超出古典计算机范围的计算。实现这一目标的主要方法是通过量子机学习，尤其是量子生成学习。由于量子力学的固有概率性质，因此可以合理地假设量子生成学习模型（QGLM）可能会超过其经典对应物。因此，QGLM正在从量子物理和计算机科学社区中受到越来越多的关注，在这些QGLM中，可以在近期量子机上有效实施各种QGLM，并提出了潜在的计算优势。在本文中，我们从机器学习的角度回顾了QGLM的当前进度。特别是，我们解释了这些QGLM，涵盖了量子电路出生的机器，量子生成的对抗网络，量子玻尔兹曼机器和量子自动编码器，作为经典生成学习模型的量子扩展。在这种情况下，我们探讨了它们的内在关系及其根本差异。我们进一步总结了QGLM在常规机器学习任务和量子物理学中的潜在应用。最后，我们讨论了QGLM的挑战和进一步研究指示。

Hybrid quantum-classical systems make it possible to utilize existing quantum computers to their fullest extent. Within this framework, parameterized quantum circuits can be regarded as machine learning models with remarkable expressive power. This Review presents the components of these models and discusses their application to a variety of data-driven tasks, such as supervised learning and generative modeling. With an increasing number of experimental demonstrations carried out on actual quantum hardware and with software being actively developed, this rapidly growing field is poised to have a broad spectrum of real-world applications.

动态系统参见在物理，生物学，化学等自然科学中广泛使用，以及电路分析，计算流体动力学和控制等工程学科。对于简单的系统，可以通过应用基本物理法来导出管理动态的微分方程。然而，对于更复杂的系统，这种方法变得非常困难。数据驱动建模是一种替代范式，可以使用真实系统的观察来了解系统的动态的近似值。近年来，对数据驱动的建模技术的兴趣增加，特别是神经网络已被证明提供了解决广泛任务的有效框架。本文提供了使用神经网络构建动态系统模型的不同方式的调查。除了基础概述外，我们还审查了相关的文献，概述了这些建模范式必须克服的数值模拟中最重要的挑战。根据审查的文献和确定的挑战，我们提供了关于有前途的研究领域的讨论。

我们介绍了Netket的版本3，机器学习工具箱适用于许多身体量子物理学。Netket围绕神经网络量子状态构建，并为其评估和优化提供有效的算法。这个新版本是基于JAX的顶部，一个用于Python编程语言的可差分编程和加速的线性代数框架。最重要的新功能是使用机器学习框架的简明符号来定义纯Python代码中的任意神经网络ANS \“凝固的可能性，这允许立即编译以及渐变的隐式生成自动化。Netket 3还带来了GPU和TPU加速器的支持，对离散对称组的高级支持，块以缩放多程度的自由度，Quantum动态应用程序的驱动程序，以及改进的模块化，允许用户仅使用部分工具箱是他们自己代码的基础。

We present a unified hard-constraint framework for solving geometrically complex PDEs with neural networks, where the most commonly used Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin boundary conditions (BCs) are considered. Specifically, we first introduce the "extra fields" from the mixed finite element method to reformulate the PDEs so as to equivalently transform the three types of BCs into linear forms. Based on the reformulation, we derive the general solutions of the BCs analytically, which are employed to construct an ansatz that automatically satisfies the BCs. With such a framework, we can train the neural networks without adding extra loss terms and thus efficiently handle geometrically complex PDEs, alleviating the unbalanced competition between the loss terms corresponding to the BCs and PDEs. We theoretically demonstrate that the "extra fields" can stabilize the training process. Experimental results on real-world geometrically complex PDEs showcase the effectiveness of our method compared with state-of-the-art baselines.

在工程和科学方面的许多计算问题中，功能或模型差异化是必不可少的，但还需要集成。一类重要的计算问题包括所谓的内形差异方程，包括函数的积分和衍生物。在另一个示例中，随机微分方程可以用随机变量的概率密度函数的部分微分方程编写。要根据密度函数学习随机变量的特征，需要计算特定的积分变换，即密度函数的特定矩。最近，物理知识神经网络的机器学习范式以越来越多的流行度作为一种通过利用自动分化来求解微分方程的方法。在这项工作中，我们建议通过自动集成来扩大物理知识的神经网络的范式，以计算训练有素的解决方案上的复杂积分转换，并求解在训练过程中在训练过程中计算积分的整数差异方程。此外，我们在各种应用程序设置中展示了这些技术，从数值模拟了基于量子计算机的神经网络以及经典的神经网络。

神经网络的经典发展主要集中在有限维欧基德空间或有限组之间的学习映射。我们提出了神经网络的概括，以学习映射无限尺寸函数空间之间的运算符。我们通过一类线性积分运算符和非线性激活函数的组成制定运营商的近似，使得组合的操作员可以近似复杂的非线性运算符。我们证明了我们建筑的普遍近似定理。此外，我们介绍了四类运算符参数化：基于图形的运算符，低秩运算符，基于多极图形的运算符和傅里叶运算符，并描述了每个用于用每个计算的高效算法。所提出的神经运营商是决议不变的：它们在底层函数空间的不同离散化之间共享相同的网络参数，并且可以用于零击超分辨率。在数值上，与现有的基于机器学习的方法，达西流程和Navier-Stokes方程相比，所提出的模型显示出卓越的性能，而与传统的PDE求解器相比，与现有的基于机器学习的方法有关的基于机器学习的方法。

在当前的嘈杂中间尺度量子（NISQ）时代，量子机学习正在成为基于程序门的量子计算机的主要范式。在量子机学习中，对量子电路的门进行了参数化，并且参数是根据数据和电路输出的测量来通过经典优化来调整的。参数化的量子电路（PQC）可以有效地解决组合优化问题，实施概率生成模型并进行推理（分类和回归）。该专着为具有概率和线性代数背景的工程师的观众提供了量子机学习的独立介绍。它首先描述了描述量子操作和测量所必需的必要背景，概念和工具。然后，它涵盖了参数化的量子电路，变异量子本质层以及无监督和监督的量子机学习公式。

量子哈密顿学习和量子吉布斯采样的双重任务与物理和化学中的许多重要问题有关。在低温方案中，这些任务的算法通常会遭受施状能力，例如因样本或时间复杂性差而遭受。为了解决此类韧性，我们将量子自然梯度下降的概括引入了参数化的混合状态，并提供了稳健的一阶近似算法，即量子 - 固定镜下降。我们使用信息几何学和量子计量学的工具证明了双重任务的数据样本效率，因此首次将经典Fisher效率的开创性结果推广到变异量子算法。我们的方法扩展了以前样品有效的技术，以允许模型选择的灵活性，包括基于量子汉密尔顿的量子模型，包括基于量子的模型，这些模型可能会规避棘手的时间复杂性。我们的一阶算法是使用经典镜下降二元性的新型量子概括得出的。两种结果都需要特殊的度量选择，即Bogoliubov-Kubo-Mori度量。为了从数值上测试我们提出的算法，我们将它们的性能与现有基准进行了关于横向场ISING模型的量子Gibbs采样任务的现有基准。最后，我们提出了一种初始化策略，利用几何局部性来建模状态的序列（例如量子 - 故事过程）的序列。我们从经验上证明了它在实际和想象的时间演化的经验上，同时定义了更广泛的潜在应用。

The accurate numerical solution of partial differential equations is a central task in numerical analysis allowing to model a wide range of natural phenomena by employing specialized solvers depending on the scenario of application. Here, we develop a variational approach for solving partial differential equations governing the evolution of high dimensional probability distributions. Our approach naturally works on the unbounded continuous domain and encodes the full probability density function through its variational parameters, which are adapted dynamically during the evolution to optimally reflect the dynamics of the density. For the considered benchmark cases we observe excellent agreement with numerical solutions as well as analytical solutions in regimes inaccessible to traditional computational approaches.