当前的图形神经网络（GNNS）遇到了过度光滑的问题，这导致无法区分的节点表示和较低的模型性能，并具有更多的GNN层。近年来已经提出了许多方法来解决这个问题。但是，现有的解决过度平滑的方法强调模型性能并忽略节点表示的过度平滑度。一次采用另外一种方法，同时缺乏整体框架​​来共同利用多个解决方案来解决过度光滑的挑战。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了Grato，这是一个基于神经体系结构搜索的框架，以自动搜索GNNS体系结构。 Grato采用新颖的损失功能，以促进模型性能和表示平滑度之间的平衡。除了现有方法外，我们的搜索空间还包括DropAttribute，这是一种减轻过度光滑挑战的新计划，以充分利用各种解决方案。我们在六个现实世界数据集上进行了广泛的实验，以评估Grato，这表明Grato在过度平滑的指标中的表现优于基准，并在准确性方面取得了竞争性能。 Grato在GNN层数量增加的情况下特别有效且健壮。进一步的实验确定了通过grato学习的节点表示的质量和模型架构的有效性。我们在Github（\ url {https://github.com/fxsxjtu/grato}）上提供Grato的CIDE。

图形神经网络（GNN）已被密切应用于各种基于图的应用程序。尽管他们成功了，但手动设计行为良好的GNN需要巨大的人类专业知识。因此，发现潜在的最佳数据特异性GNN体系结构效率低下。本文提出了DFG-NAS，这是一种新的神经体系结构搜索（NAS）方法，可自动搜索非常深入且灵活的GNN体系结构。与大多数专注于微构造的方法不同，DFG-NAS突出了另一个设计级别：搜索有关原子传播的宏观构造（\ TextBf {\ Textbf {\ Texttt {p}}}）和转换（\ texttt {\ textttt {\ texttt {\ texttt {\ texttt { T}}）的操作被整合并组织到GNN中。为此，DFG-NAS为\ textbf {\ texttt {p-t}}}的排列和组合提出了一个新颖的搜索空间，该搜索空间是基于消息传播的散布，定义了四个自定义设计的宏观架构突变，并采用了进化性algorithm to to the Evolutionary algorithm进行有效的搜索。关于四个节点分类任务的实证研究表明，DFG-NAS优于最先进的手动设计和GNN的NAS方法。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising performance on a wide range of graph-based tasks. Despite their success, one severe limitation of GNNs is the over-smoothing issue (indistinguishable representations of nodes in different classes). In this work, we present a systematic and quantitative study on the over-smoothing issue of GNNs. First, we introduce two quantitative metrics, MAD and MADGap, to measure the smoothness and oversmoothness of the graph nodes representations, respectively. Then, we verify that smoothing is the nature of GNNs and the critical factor leading to over-smoothness is the low information-to-noise ratio of the message received by the nodes, which is partially determined by the graph topology. Finally, we propose two methods to alleviate the oversmoothing issue from the topological view: (1) MADReg which adds a MADGap-based regularizer to the training objective; (2) AdaEdge which optimizes the graph topology based on the model predictions. Extensive experiments on 7 widely-used graph datasets with 10 typical GNN models show that the two proposed methods are effective for relieving the over-smoothing issue, thus improving the performance of various GNN models.

近年来，图形神经网络（GNNS）在不同的现实应用中表现出卓越的性能。为了提高模型容量，除了设计聚合运作，GNN拓扑设计也非常重要。一般来说，有两个主流GNN拓扑设计方式。第一个是堆叠聚合操作以获得更高级别的功能，但随着网络更深的方式，易于进行性能下降。其次，在每个层中使用多聚合操作，该层在本地邻居提供足够和独立的特征提取阶段，同时获得更高级别的信息昂贵。为了享受减轻这两个方式的相应缺陷的同时享受福利，我们学会在一个新颖的特征融合透视中设计GNN的拓扑，这些融合透视中被称为F $ ^ 2 $ GNN。具体而言，我们在设计GNN拓扑中提供了一个特征融合视角，提出了一种新颖的框架，以统一现有的拓扑设计，具有特征选择和融合策略。然后，我们在统一框架之上开发一个神经结构搜索方法，该方法包含在搜索空间中的一组选择和融合操作以及改进的可微分搜索算法。八个现实数据集的性能增益展示了F $ ^ 2 $ GNN的有效性。我们进一步开展实验，以证明F $ ^ 2 $ GNN可以通过自适应使用不同程度的特征来缓解现有GNN拓扑设计方式的缺陷，同时提高模型容量，同时减轻了现有的GNN拓扑设计方式的缺陷，特别是缓解过平滑问题。

近年来，图形神经网络（GNNS）在现实世界数据集上对不同应用的不同应用表现出卓越的性能。为了提高模型能力并减轻过平滑问题，提出了几种方法通过层面连接来掺入中间层。但是，由于具有高度多样化的图形类型，现有方法的性能因不同的图形而异，导致需要数据特定的层面连接方法。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种基于神经结构搜索（NAS）的新颖框架LLC（学习层面连接），以学习GNN中中间层之间的自适应连接。 LLC包含一个新颖的搜索空间，由3种类型的块和学习连接以及一个可分辨率搜索过程组成，以实现有效的搜索过程。对五个现实数据集进行了广泛的实验，结果表明，搜索的层面连接不仅可以提高性能，而且还可以缓解过平滑的问题。

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) are a powerful deep learning approach for graph-structured data. Recently, GCNs and subsequent variants have shown superior performance in various application areas on real-world datasets. Despite their success, most of the current GCN models are shallow, due to the over-smoothing problem.In this paper, we study the problem of designing and analyzing deep graph convolutional networks. We propose the GCNII, an extension of the vanilla GCN model with two simple yet effective techniques: Initial residual and Identity mapping. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that the two techniques effectively relieves the problem of over-smoothing. Our experiments show that the deep GCNII model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on various semi-and fullsupervised tasks. Code is available at https: //github.com/chennnM/GCNII.

图形神经网络（GNN）在学习强大的节点表示中显示了令人信服的性能，这些表现在保留节点属性和图形结构信息的强大节点表示中。然而，许多GNNS在设计有更深的网络结构或手柄大小的图形时遇到有效性和效率的问题。已经提出了几种采样算法来改善和加速GNN的培训，但他们忽略了解GNN性能增益的来源。图表数据中的信息的测量可以帮助采样算法来保持高价值信息，同时消除冗余信息甚至噪声。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于GNN的公制引导（MEGUIDE）子图学习框架。 MEGUIDE采用两种新颖的度量：功能平滑和连接失效距离，以指导子图采样和迷你批次的培训。功能平滑度专为分析节点的特征而才能保留最有价值的信息，而连接失败距离可以测量结构信息以控制子图的大小。我们展示了MEGUIDE在多个数据集上培训各种GNN的有效性和效率。

近年来，图形神经网络（GNNS）在许多现实世界中的应用（例如建议和药物发现）中取得了巨大的成功。尽管取得了成功，但已将过度厚度确定为限制GNN绩效的关键问题之一。这表明由于堆叠聚合器，学到的节点表示是无法区分的。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的观点，以研究深度GNN的性能降低，即特征过度相关。通过有关此问题的经验和理论研究，我们证明了更深层次的GNN中的特征过度相关的存在，并揭示了导致该问题的潜在原因。为了减少功能相关性，我们提出了一个通用框架，可以鼓励GNN编码较少的冗余信息。广泛的实验表明，Decorr可以帮助实现更深入的GNN，并与现有的技术相辅相成。

图形神经网络（GNN）在各种图挖掘任务中取得了巨大的成功。但是，当GNN堆叠着许多层时，总是观察到急剧性能降解。结果，大多数GNN仅具有浅层建筑，这限制了它们的表现力和对深社区的开发。最近的研究将深度GNN的性能降低归因于\ textit {过度平滑}的问题。在本文中，我们将传统的图形卷积操作分为两个独立操作：\ textit {passagation}（\ textbf {p}）和\ textit {transformation}（\ textbf {t}）。可以分为传播深度（$ d_p $）和转换深度（$ d_t $）。通过广泛的实验，我们发现深度GNNS性能下降的主要原因是\ textit {model dygradation}问题是由大$ d_t $而不是\ textit {过度平滑}问题引起的，主要是由大$ d_p $引起的。 。此外，我们提出\ textIt {自适应初始残留}（air），一个与各种GNN架构兼容的插件模块，以减轻\ textit {model {model dradation degradation}问题和\ textit {textit {过度敏感}问题同时。六个现实世界数据集的实验结果表明，配备空气的GNN胜过大多数具有浅层建筑的GNN，这是由于大型$ d_p $和$ d_t $的好处，而与空气相关的时间成本则可以忽略。

Recent works have impressively demonstrated that there exists a subnetwork in randomly initialized convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that can match the performance of the fully trained dense networks at initialization, without any optimization of the weights of the network (i.e., untrained networks). However, the presence of such untrained subnetworks in graph neural networks (GNNs) still remains mysterious. In this paper we carry out the first-of-its-kind exploration of discovering matching untrained GNNs. With sparsity as the core tool, we can find \textit{untrained sparse subnetworks} at the initialization, that can match the performance of \textit{fully trained dense} GNNs. Besides this already encouraging finding of comparable performance, we show that the found untrained subnetworks can substantially mitigate the GNN over-smoothing problem, hence becoming a powerful tool to enable deeper GNNs without bells and whistles. We also observe that such sparse untrained subnetworks have appealing performance in out-of-distribution detection and robustness of input perturbations. We evaluate our method across widely-used GNN architectures on various popular datasets including the Open Graph Benchmark (OGB).

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are prominent in handling sparse and unstructured data efficiently and effectively. Specifically, GNNs were shown to be highly effective for node classification tasks, where labelled information is available for only a fraction of the nodes. Typically, the optimization process, through the objective function, considers only labelled nodes while ignoring the rest. In this paper, we propose novel objective terms for the training of GNNs for node classification, aiming to exploit all the available data and improve accuracy. Our first term seeks to maximize the mutual information between node and label features, considering both labelled and unlabelled nodes in the optimization process. Our second term promotes anisotropic smoothness in the prediction maps. Lastly, we propose a cross-validating gradients approach to enhance the learning from labelled data. Our proposed objectives are general and can be applied to various GNNs and require no architectural modifications. Extensive experiments demonstrate our approach using popular GNNs like GCN, GAT and GCNII, reading a consistent and significant accuracy improvement on 10 real-world node classification datasets.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for graph representation learning. Despite their rapid development, GNNs also face some challenges, such as over-fitting, over-smoothing, and non-robustness. Previous works indicate that these problems can be alleviated by random dropping methods, which integrate augmented data into models by randomly masking parts of the input. However, some open problems of random dropping on GNNs remain to be solved. First, it is challenging to find a universal method that are suitable for all cases considering the divergence of different datasets and models. Second, augmented data introduced to GNNs causes the incomplete coverage of parameters and unstable training process. Third, there is no theoretical analysis on the effectiveness of random dropping methods on GNNs. In this paper, we propose a novel random dropping method called DropMessage, which performs dropping operations directly on the propagated messages during the message-passing process. More importantly, we find that DropMessage provides a unified framework for most existing random dropping methods, based on which we give theoretical analysis of their effectiveness. Furthermore, we elaborate the superiority of DropMessage: it stabilizes the training process by reducing sample variance; it keeps information diversity from the perspective of information theory, enabling it become a theoretical upper bound of other methods. To evaluate our proposed method, we conduct experiments that aims for multiple tasks on five public datasets and two industrial datasets with various backbone models. The experimental results show that DropMessage has the advantages of both effectiveness and generalization, and can significantly alleviate the problems mentioned above.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successfully applied in many applications in computer sciences. Despite the success of deep learning architectures in other domains, deep GNNs still underperform their shallow counterparts. There are many open questions about deep GNNs, but over-smoothing and over-squashing are perhaps the most intriguing issues. When stacking multiple graph convolutional layers, the over-smoothing and over-squashing problems arise and have been defined as the inability of GNNs to learn deep representations and propagate information from distant nodes, respectively. Even though the widespread definitions of both problems are similar, these phenomena have been studied independently. This work strives to understand the underlying relationship between over-smoothing and over-squashing from a topological perspective. We show that both problems are intrinsically related to the spectral gap of the Laplacian of the graph. Therefore, there is a trade-off between these two problems, i.e., we cannot simultaneously alleviate both over-smoothing and over-squashing. We also propose a Stochastic Jost and Liu curvature Rewiring (SJLR) algorithm based on a bound of the Ollivier's Ricci curvature. SJLR is less expensive than previous curvature-based rewiring methods while retaining fundamental properties. Finally, we perform a thorough comparison of SJLR with previous techniques to alleviate over-smoothing or over-squashing, seeking to gain a better understanding of both problems.

Graph neural networks have shown significant success in the field of graph representation learning. Graph convolutions perform neighborhood aggregation and represent one of the most important graph operations. Nevertheless, one layer of these neighborhood aggregation methods only consider immediate neighbors, and the performance decreases when going deeper to enable larger receptive fields. Several recent studies attribute this performance deterioration to the over-smoothing issue, which states that repeated propagation makes node representations of different classes indistinguishable. In this work, we study this observation systematically and develop new insights towards deeper graph neural networks. First, we provide a systematical analysis on this issue and argue that the key factor compromising the performance significantly is the entanglement of representation transformation and propagation in current graph convolution operations. After decoupling these two operations, deeper graph neural networks can be used to learn graph node representations from larger receptive fields. We further provide a theoretical analysis of the above observation when building very deep models, which can serve as a rigorous and gentle description of the over-smoothing issue. Based on our theoretical and empirical analysis, we propose Deep Adaptive Graph Neural Network (DAGNN) to adaptively incorporate information from large receptive fields. A set of experiments on citation, coauthorship, and co-purchase datasets have confirmed our analysis and insights and demonstrated the superiority of our proposed methods. CCS CONCEPTS• Mathematics of computing → Graph algorithms; • Computing methodologies → Artificial intelligence; Neural networks.

过度平滑是一个具有挑战性的问题，这会降低深图卷积网络（GCNS）的性能。然而，用于缓解过度平滑问题的现有研究缺乏一般性或有效性。在本文中，我们分析了过度平滑问题背后的潜在问题，即特征 - 多样性退化，梯度消失和模型重量衰减。灵感来自于此，我们提出了一个简单而有效的即插即用模块，速度，缓解过度平滑。具体地，对于GCN模型的每个中间层，随机地（或基于节点度）选择节点以通过直接向非线性函数馈送它们的输入特征来跳过卷积操作。分析，1）跳过卷积操作可以防止特征失去多样性; 2）“跳过”节点使能梯度直接传递回来，从而减轻梯度消失和模型权重过腐蚀问题。为了展示Skipnode的优越性，我们对九个流行的数据集进行了广泛的实验，包括同性恋和异化图，在两个典型的任务上具有不同的图表大小：节点分类和链路预测。具体而言，1）SkipNode具有适应不同数据集和任务的各种基于GCN的模型的普遍性。 2）Skipnode优于最近最先进的反平滑插头 - 播放模块，即DropEdge和Dropnode，在不同的设置中。代码将在GitHub上公开提供。

最近，图形神经网络（GNN）通过利用图形结构和节点特征的知识来表现出图表表示的显着性能。但是，他们中的大多数都有两个主要限制。首先，GNN可以通过堆叠更多的层来学习高阶结构信息，但由于过度光滑的问题，无法处理较大的深度。其次，由于昂贵的计算成本和高内存使用情况，在大图上应用这些方法并不容易。在本文中，我们提出了节点自适应特征平滑（NAFS），这是一种简单的非参数方法，该方法构建了没有参数学习的节点表示。 NAFS首先通过特征平滑提取每个节点及其不同啤酒花的邻居的特征，然后自适应地结合了平滑的特征。此外，通过不同的平滑策略提取的平滑特征的合奏可以进一步增强构建的节点表示形式。我们在两个不同的应用程序方案上对四个基准数据集进行实验：节点群集和链接预测。值得注意的是，具有功能合奏的NAFS优于这些任务上最先进的GNN，并减轻上述大多数基于学习的GNN对应物的两个限制。

属性网络上的节点分类是一项半监督任务，对于网络分析至关重要。通过将图形卷积网络（GCN）中的两个关键操作解耦，即具有转换和邻域聚合，截断的GCN的一些最新作品可以支持这些信息，以更深入地传播并实现高级性能。但是，它们遵循GCN的传统结构感知的传播策略，因此很难捕获节点的属性相关性，并对由两个端点属于不同类别的边缘描述的结构噪声敏感。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种新方法，称为“裂开式”传播，然后训练（PAMT）。关键思想是将属性相似性掩码整合到结构感知的传播过程中。这样，PAMT可以在传播过程中保留相邻节点的属性相关性，并有效地减少结构噪声的影响。此外，我们开发了一种迭代改进机制，以在改善培训性能的培训过程中更新相似性面罩。在四个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了PAMT的出色性能和鲁棒性。

图形神经网络（GNN）已被广泛用于表示图数据的表示。但是，对图形数据实际上获得多少性能GNN的理解有限。本文介绍了上下文弹出的GNN框架，并提出了两个平滑度指标，以测量从图形数据获得的信息的数量和质量。然后，一种称为CS-GNN的新型GNN模型旨在根据图的平滑度值改善图形信息的使用。证明CS-GNN比不同类型的真实图中现有方法获得更好的性能。

尽管在深度学习的其他应用领域中取得了非常深的架构，但流行的图神经网络是浅层模型。这降低了建模能力，并使模型无法捕获远程关系。浅设计的主要原因是过度平滑的，这导致节点状态随着深度的增加而变得更加相似。我们建立在GNNS和Pagerank之间的紧密联系的基础上，为此，个性化的Pagerank介绍了对个性化向量的考虑。通过这个想法，我们提出了个性化的Pagerank图神经网络（PPRGNN），该神经网络将图形卷积网络扩展到无限深度模型，该模型有机会将邻居聚集重置回每个迭代中的初始状态。我们引入了一个很好的解释调整，以重置重置并证明我们的方法与独特解决方案的收敛性，而无需放置任何限制，即使无限地进行了许多邻居聚集。与个性化的Pagerank一样，我们的结果不会过度光滑。在这样做的同时，在我们保持内存复杂性恒定的同时，时间复杂性保持线性，而与网络的深度无关，使其比较大图。我们从经验上展示了方法对各种节点和图形分类任务的有效性。在几乎所有情况下，PPRGNN优于可比较的方法。

鉴于在现实世界应用中大规模图的流行率，训练神经模型的存储和时间引起了人们的关注。为了减轻关注点，我们提出和研究图形神经网络（GNNS）的图形凝结问题。具体而言，我们旨在将大型原始图凝结成一个小的，合成的和高度信息的图，以便在小图和大图上训练的GNN具有可比性的性能。我们通过优化梯度匹配损失并设计一种凝结节点期货和结构信息的策略来模仿原始图上的GNN训练轨迹，以解决凝结问题。广泛的实验证明了所提出的框架在将不同的图形数据集凝结成信息较小的较小图中的有效性。特别是，我们能够在REDDIT上近似于95.3％的原始测试准确性，Flickr的99.8％和CiteSeer的99.0％，同时将其图形尺寸降低了99.9％以上，并且可以使用冷凝图来训练各种GNN架构Code在https://github.com/chandlerbang/gcond上发布。