电影拖车执行多种功能:他们向故事介绍了观众,传达了电影的情绪和艺术风格,并鼓励受众看电影。这些不同的功能使自动拖车产生充满挑战的努力。我们将其分解为两个小组:叙事结构识别和情绪预测。我们将电影作为图形,其中节点是截图,边缘表示它们之间的语义关系。我们使用联合对比培训学习这些关系,该联合对比培训利用剧本绘制的特权文本信息(例如,字符,措施,情况)。然后,无监督算法将遍历图,并生成人类法官更喜欢通过竞争监督方法产生的拖车。
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The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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作为人类,我们通过我们所有的感官来驾驭世界,使用每个人从每个人纠正其他人。我们介绍了Merlot Reserve,一个模型,该模型是联合随着时间的推移而表示视频的模型 - 通过从音频,字幕和视频帧学习的新培训目标。给出了一个视频,我们用掩模令牌替换文本和音频的片段;该模型通过选择正确的蒙版片段来学习。我们的目标比替代方面更快地学习,并在规模上表现良好:我们预先逼近2000万YouTube视频。经验结果表明,Merlot Reserve学会通过所有组成模式的视频的强烈陈述。在FineTuned时,它在VCR和TVQA上为VCR和TVQA进行了新的最先进,优先于前勤工作分别为5%和7%。消融表明,两个任务都受益于音频预制 - 甚至录像机,围绕图像中心的QA任务(没有声音)。此外,我们的客观使开箱即用的预测,揭示了强大的多式联合致辞理解。在一个完全零拍摄的环境中,我们的模型在四个视频理解任务中获得竞争结果,甚至优于最近提出的定位推理(星)基准的监督方法。我们分析为什么包含音频导致更好的视觉语言表示,这表明未来研究的重要机会。我们通过讨论多式联运预测的道德和社会影响来得出结论。
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪,并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是,即使没有明确提及情感名称,也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中,被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量,通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的,如果该人认为自己负责,是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的,例如,新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性,目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念,如果可以通过文本分类器预测,以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标,我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后,我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估,并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明,两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明,评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。
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社交媒体网络已成为人们生活的重要方面,它是其思想,观点和情感的平台。因此,自动化情绪分析(SA)对于以其他信息来源无法识别人们的感受至关重要。对这些感觉的分析揭示了各种应用,包括品牌评估,YouTube电影评论和医疗保健应用。随着社交媒体的不断发展,人们以不同形式发布大量信息,包括文本,照片,音频和视频。因此,传统的SA算法已变得有限,因为它们不考虑其他方式的表现力。通过包括来自各种物质来源的此类特征,这些多模式数据流提供了新的机会,以优化基于文本的SA之外的预期结果。我们的研究重点是多模式SA的最前沿领域,该领域研究了社交媒体网络上发布的视觉和文本数据。许多人更有可能利用这些信息在这些平台上表达自己。为了作为这个快速增长的领域的学者资源,我们介绍了文本和视觉SA的全面概述,包括数据预处理,功能提取技术,情感基准数据集以及适合每个字段的多重分类方法的疗效。我们还简要介绍了最常用的数据融合策略,并提供了有关Visual Textual SA的现有研究的摘要。最后,我们重点介绍了最重大的挑战,并调查了一些重要的情感应用程序。
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旨在用自然语言和谐地与人类交流的智能对话体系对于促进人工智能时代的人机互动的发展非常出色。有了逐渐复杂的人类计算机交互要求(例如,多模式输入,时间敏感性),传统的基于文本的对话系统很难满足对更加生动和方便的交互的需求。因此,视觉背景增强对话系统(VAD)有可能通过感知和理解多模式信息(即图像或视频中的视觉上下文,文本对话历史记录)与人类进行交流,已成为主要的研究范式。 VAD受益于视觉和文本上下文之间的一致性和互补性,具有产生引人入胜和背景感知响应的潜力。为了描述VAD的开发,我们首先表征VAD的概念和独特功能,然后介绍其通用系统体系结构以说明系统工作流程。随后,对一些研究挑战和代表性作品进行了详细研究,然后进行了权威基准摘要。我们通过提出一些开放问题和有前途的VAD研究趋势来结束本文,例如,在跨模式对话环境下,人机对话的认知机制以及知识增强的跨模式语义互动。
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我们提出了一种为给定视频推荐音乐曲目的方法,反之亦然,基于它们的时间对齐及其在艺术层面上的信件。我们提出了一种自我监督的方法,该方法直接从数据中学习了这一对应,而无需任何人类注释。为了捕获解决任务所需的高级概念,我们建议使用每种模式的变压器网络对视频和音乐信号的长期时间上下文进行建模。实验表明,这种方法强烈胜过不利用时间上下文的替代方案。我们的贡献的结合提高了先前最高现状的检索准确性高达10倍。这种强大的改进使我们能够引入广泛的分析和应用。例如,我们可以根据视觉定义的属性来调节音乐检索。
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Reading, much like music listening, is an immersive experience that transports readers while taking them on an emotional journey. Listening to complementary music has the potential to amplify the reading experience, especially when the music is stylistically cohesive and emotionally relevant. In this paper, we propose the first fully automatic method to build a dense soundtrack for books, which can play high-quality instrumental music for the entirety of the reading duration. Our work employs a unique text processing and music weaving pipeline that determines the context and emotional composition of scenes in a chapter. This allows our method to identify and play relevant excerpts from the soundtrack of the book's movie adaptation. By relying on the movie composer's craftsmanship, our book soundtracks include expert-made motifs and other scene-specific musical characteristics. We validate the design decisions of our approach through a perceptual study. Our readers note that the book soundtrack greatly enhanced their reading experience, due to high immersiveness granted via uninterrupted and style-consistent music, and a heightened emotional state attained via high precision emotion and scene context recognition.
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深度学习技术导致了通用对象检测领域的显着突破,近年来产生了很多场景理解的任务。由于其强大的语义表示和应用于场景理解,场景图一直是研究的焦点。场景图生成(SGG)是指自动将图像映射到语义结构场景图中的任务,这需要正确标记检测到的对象及其关系。虽然这是一项具有挑战性的任务,但社区已经提出了许多SGG方法并取得了良好的效果。在本文中,我们对深度学习技术带来了近期成就的全面调查。我们审查了138个代表作品,涵盖了不同的输入方式,并系统地将现有的基于图像的SGG方法从特征提取和融合的角度进行了综述。我们试图通过全面的方式对现有的视觉关系检测方法进行连接和系统化现有的视觉关系检测方法,概述和解释SGG的机制和策略。最后,我们通过深入讨论当前存在的问题和未来的研究方向来完成这项调查。本调查将帮助读者更好地了解当前的研究状况和想法。
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Our experience of the world is multimodal -we see objects, hear sounds, feel texture, smell odors, and taste flavors. Modality refers to the way in which something happens or is experienced and a research problem is characterized as multimodal when it includes multiple such modalities. In order for Artificial Intelligence to make progress in understanding the world around us, it needs to be able to interpret such multimodal signals together. Multimodal machine learning aims to build models that can process and relate information from multiple modalities. It is a vibrant multi-disciplinary field of increasing importance and with extraordinary potential. Instead of focusing on specific multimodal applications, this paper surveys the recent advances in multimodal machine learning itself and presents them in a common taxonomy. We go beyond the typical early and late fusion categorization and identify broader challenges that are faced by multimodal machine learning, namely: representation, translation, alignment, fusion, and co-learning. This new taxonomy will enable researchers to better understand the state of the field and identify directions for future research.
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了解因果关系有助于构建干预措施,以实现特定的目标并在干预下实现预测。随着学习因果关系的越来越重要,因果发现任务已经从使用传统方法推断出潜在的因果结构从观察数据到深度学习涉及的模式识别领域。大量数据的快速积累促进了具有出色可扩展性的因果搜索方法的出现。因果发现方法的现有摘要主要集中在基于约束,分数和FCM的传统方法上,缺乏针对基于深度学习的方法的完美分类和阐述,还缺乏一些考虑和探索因果关系的角度来探索因果发现方法范式。因此,我们根据变量范式将可能的因果发现任务分为三种类型,并分别给出三个任务的定义,定义和实例化每个任务的相关数据集以及同时构建的最终因果模型,然后审查不同任务的主要因果发现方法。最后,我们从不同角度提出了一些路线图,以解决因果发现领域的当前研究差距,并指出未来的研究方向。
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了解多媒体内容中描述或显示的事件彼此相关是开发可用于真实世界媒体的强大人工智能系统的关键组成部分。尽管许多研究专门用于文本,图像和视频域中的事件理解,但没有一个研究探索事件跨域中经历的复杂关系。例如,新闻文章可能会描述“抗议”事件,而视频显示“逮捕”事件。认识到视觉“逮捕”事件是更广泛的“抗议”事件的一个子事件,这是一个具有挑战性但重要的问题,但前面的工作尚未探讨。在本文中,我们提出了多模式事件关系关系的新任务,以识别这种跨模式事件关系。我们贡献了一个大规模数据集,该数据集由100K视频新文章对组成,以及密集注释的数据的基准。我们还提出了一种弱监督的多模式方法,该方法将来自外部知识库(KB)的常识性知识整合在一起,以预测丰富的多模式事件层次结构。实验表明,我们的模型在我们提出的基准上优于许多竞争基线。我们还对模型的性能进行了详细的分析,并建议未来研究的方向。
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最近,自我监督的表示学习(SSRL)在计算机视觉,语音,自然语言处理(NLP)以及最近的其他类型的模式(包括传感器的时间序列)中引起了很多关注。自我监督学习的普及是由传统模型通常需要大量通知数据进行培训的事实所驱动的。获取带注释的数据可能是一个困难且昂贵的过程。已经引入了自我监督的方法,以通过使用从原始数据自由获得的监督信号对模型进行判别预训练来提高训练数据的效率。与现有的对SSRL的评论不同,该评论旨在以单一模式为重点介绍CV或NLP领域的方法,我们旨在为时间数据提供对多模式自我监督学习方法的首次全面审查。为此,我们1)提供现有SSRL方法的全面分类,2)通过定义SSRL框架的关键组件来引入通用管道,3)根据其目标功能,网络架构和潜在应用程序,潜在的应用程序,潜在的应用程序,比较现有模型, 4)查看每个类别和各种方式中的现有多模式技术。最后,我们提出了现有的弱点和未来的机会。我们认为,我们的工作对使用多模式和/或时间数据的域中SSRL的要求有了一个观点
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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The remarkable success of deep learning in various domains relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets. However, obtaining annotations is expensive and requires great effort, which is especially challenging for videos. Moreover, the use of human-generated annotations leads to models with biased learning and poor domain generalization and robustness. As an alternative, self-supervised learning provides a way for representation learning which does not require annotations and has shown promise in both image and video domains. Different from the image domain, learning video representations are more challenging due to the temporal dimension, bringing in motion and other environmental dynamics. This also provides opportunities for video-exclusive ideas that advance self-supervised learning in the video and multimodal domain. In this survey, we provide a review of existing approaches on self-supervised learning focusing on the video domain. We summarize these methods into four different categories based on their learning objectives: 1) pretext tasks, 2) generative learning, 3) contrastive learning, and 4) cross-modal agreement. We further introduce the commonly used datasets, downstream evaluation tasks, insights into the limitations of existing works, and the potential future directions in this area.
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使用文本,图像,音频,视频等多种方式的多模式深度学习系统,与单独的方式(即单向)系统相比,显示出更好的性能。多式联机学习涉及多个方面:表示,翻译,对齐,融合和共同学习。在当前多式联机学习状态下,假设是在训练和测试时间期间存在,对齐和无噪声。然而,在现实世界的任务中,通常,观察到一个或多个模式丢失,嘈杂,缺乏注释数据,具有不可靠的标签,并且在训练或测试中稀缺,或两者都稀缺。这种挑战是由称为多式联合学习的学习范例解决的。通过使用模态之间的知识传输,包括其表示和预测模型,通过从另一个(资源丰富的)方式利用来自另一(资源丰富的)模型的知识来帮助实现(资源差)模型的建模。共同学习是一个新兴地区,没有专注的评论,明确地关注共同学习所解决的所有挑战。为此,在这项工作中,我们对新兴的多式联合学习领域提供了全面的调查,尚未完整探讨。我们审查实施的实施,以克服一个或多个共同学习挑战,而不明确地将它们视为共同学习挑战。我们基于共同学习和相关实施解决的挑战,展示了多式联合学习的综合分类。用于包括最新的技术与一些应用程序和数据集一起审查。我们的最终目标是讨论挑战和观点以及未来工作的重要思想和方向,我们希望对整个研究界的有益,重点关注这一令人兴奋的领域。
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Can we teach a robot to recognize and make predictions for activities that it has never seen before? We tackle this problem by learning models for video from text. This paper presents a hierarchical model that generalizes instructional knowledge from large-scale text corpora and transfers the knowledge to video. Given a portion of an instructional video, our model recognizes and predicts coherent and plausible actions multiple steps into the future, all in rich natural language. To demonstrate the capabilities of our model, we introduce the \emph{Tasty Videos Dataset V2}, a collection of 4022 recipes for zero-shot learning, recognition and anticipation. Extensive experiments with various evaluation metrics demonstrate the potential of our method for generalization, given limited video data for training models.
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我们的生活可以被视为一个复杂的活动编织;我们从一个活动转移到另一个活动,以最大限度地提高我们的成就或在我们对我们身上的要求中的成就。观察日常活动的视频,我们通过我们称之为戒烟的过程将视频解析为其组成活动线程。为实现这一点,我们介绍了一种显式捕获称为线程库的活动线程的视频表示,以及能够检测目标变化和过去的活动恢复的神经控制器一起形成笨重。我们培训并评估从未证明的Enocentric数据集史诗厨房的序列上的笨重。我们提出并展示了以自我监督的方式预先造型借口的疗效。
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