在最新的联合学习研究(FL)的研究中,广泛采用了客户选择方案来处理沟通效率的问题。但是,从随机选择的非代表性子集汇总的模型更新的较大差异直接减慢了FL收敛性。我们提出了一种新型的基于聚类的客户选择方案,以通过降低方差加速FL收敛。简单而有效的方案旨在改善聚类效果并控制效果波动,因此,以采样的一定代表性生成客户子集。从理论上讲,我们证明了降低方差方案的改进。由于差异的差异,我们还提供了提出方法的更严格的收敛保证。实验结果证实了与替代方案相比,我们计划的效率超出了效率。
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联合学习(FL)算法通常在每个圆数(部分参与)大并且服务器的通信带宽有限时对每个轮子(部分参与)进行分数。近期对FL的收敛分析的作品专注于无偏见的客户采样,例如,随机均匀地采样,由于高度的系统异质性和统计异质性而均匀地采样。本文旨在设计一种自适应客户采样算法,可以解决系统和统计异质性,以最小化壁时钟收敛时间。我们获得了具有任意客户端采样概率的流动算法的新的遗传融合。基于界限,我们分析了建立了总学习时间和采样概率之间的关系,这导致了用于训练时间最小化的非凸优化问题。我们设计一种高效的算法来学习收敛绑定中未知参数,并开发低复杂性算法以大致解决非凸面问题。硬件原型和仿真的实验结果表明,与几个基线采样方案相比,我们所提出的采样方案显着降低了收敛时间。值得注意的是,我们的硬件原型的方案比均匀的采样基线花费73%,以达到相同的目标损失。
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Federated learning (FL) allows multiple clients cooperatively train models without disclosing local data. However, the existing works fail to address all these practical concerns in FL: limited communication resources, dynamic network conditions and heterogeneous client properties, which slow down the convergence of FL. To tackle the above challenges, we propose a heterogeneity-aware FL framework, called FedCG, with adaptive client selection and gradient compression. Specifically, the parameter server (PS) selects a representative client subset considering statistical heterogeneity and sends the global model to them. After local training, these selected clients upload compressed model updates matching their capabilities to the PS for aggregation, which significantly alleviates the communication load and mitigates the straggler effect. We theoretically analyze the impact of both client selection and gradient compression on convergence performance. Guided by the derived convergence rate, we develop an iteration-based algorithm to jointly optimize client selection and compression ratio decision using submodular maximization and linear programming. Extensive experiments on both real-world prototypes and simulations show that FedCG can provide up to 5.3$\times$ speedup compared to other methods.
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数据异构联合学习(FL)系统遭受了两个重要的收敛误差来源:1)客户漂移错误是由于在客户端执行多个局部优化步骤而引起的,以及2)部分客户参与错误,这是一个事实,仅一小部分子集边缘客户参加每轮培训。我们发现其中,只有前者在文献中受到了极大的关注。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了FedVarp,这是在服务器上应用的一种新颖的差异算法,它消除了由于部分客户参与而导致的错误。为此,服务器只是将每个客户端的最新更新保持在内存中,并将其用作每回合中非参与客户的替代更新。此外,为了减轻服务器上的内存需求,我们提出了一种新颖的基于聚类的方差降低算法clusterfedvarp。与以前提出的方法不同,FedVarp和ClusterFedVarp均不需要在客户端上进行其他计算或其他优化参数的通信。通过广泛的实验,我们表明FedVarp优于最先进的方法,而ClusterFedVarp实现了与FedVarp相当的性能,并且记忆要求较少。
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知识共享和模型个性化是应对联邦学习(FL)中非IID挑战的重要组成部分。大多数现有的FL方法侧重于两个极端:1)学习共享模型,以使用非IID数据为所有客户提供服务,以及2)为每个客户(即个性化fl)学习个性化模型。有一个权衡解决方案,即群集或集群个性化的FL,旨在将相似的客户聚集到一个集群中,然后在集群中为所有客户学习共享模型。本文是通过将群集群集制定为可以统一现有方法的双层优化框架来重新审视群集的研究。我们提出了一个新的理论分析框架,以通过考虑客户之间的凝聚力来证明融合。此外,我们以一种称为加权聚类联合学习(WECFL)的算法体现了该框架。经验分析验证了理论结果,并证明了在拟议的集群非IID设置下提出的WECFL的有效性。
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联合学习(FL)是分布式学习的一种变体,其中Edge设备可以协作学习模型,而无需与中央服务器或彼此共享数据。我们将使用公共客户库作为多模型FL的联合设置中同时培训多个独立模型的过程。在这项工作中,我们提出了用于多模型FL的流行FedAvg算法的两个变体,并具有可证明的收敛保证。我们进一步表明,对于相同数量的计算,多模型FL可以比单独训练每个模型具有更好的性能。我们通过在强凸,凸和非凸面设置中进行实验来补充理论结果。
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In federated optimization, heterogeneity in the clients' local datasets and computation speeds results in large variations in the number of local updates performed by each client in each communication round. Naive weighted aggregation of such models causes objective inconsistency, that is, the global model converges to a stationary point of a mismatched objective function which can be arbitrarily different from the true objective. This paper provides a general framework to analyze the convergence of federated heterogeneous optimization algorithms. It subsumes previously proposed methods such as FedAvg and FedProx and provides the first principled understanding of the solution bias and the convergence slowdown due to objective inconsistency. Using insights from this analysis, we propose Fed-Nova, a normalized averaging method that eliminates objective inconsistency while preserving fast error convergence.
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Data heterogeneity across clients is a key challenge in federated learning. Prior works address this by either aligning client and server models or using control variates to correct client model drift. Although these methods achieve fast convergence in convex or simple non-convex problems, the performance in over-parameterized models such as deep neural networks is lacking. In this paper, we first revisit the widely used FedAvg algorithm in a deep neural network to understand how data heterogeneity influences the gradient updates across the neural network layers. We observe that while the feature extraction layers are learned efficiently by FedAvg, the substantial diversity of the final classification layers across clients impedes the performance. Motivated by this, we propose to correct model drift by variance reduction only on the final layers. We demonstrate that this significantly outperforms existing benchmarks at a similar or lower communication cost. We furthermore provide proof for the convergence rate of our algorithm.
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Federated Learning(FL)是一个出色的分布式机器学习框架,因为它在数据隐私和沟通效率方面的好处。由于由于资源的限制,在许多情况下的全面客户参与是不可行的,因此已经研究了部分参与算法,该算法主动选择/采样了一部分客户的子集,旨在实现接近全面参与案例的学习绩效。本文研究了一种被动的部分客户参与方案,该场景知之甚少,其中部分参与是外部事件的结果,即客户辍学,而不是FL算法的决定。我们将fl与客户辍学者一起作为特殊情况,即较大的FL问题,客户可以在其中提交替代(可能不准确)本地模型更新。基于我们的收敛分析,我们开发了一种新的算法FL-FDM,该算法会发现客户的朋友(即数据分布相似的客户),并使用朋友的本地更新作为辍学客户的替代品,从而减少替换错误并改善收敛性能。复杂性降低机制也被纳入FL-FDMS,使其在理论上是合理的,而且实际上有用。关于MNIST和CIFAR-10的实验证实了FL-FDM在处理FL中辍学时的出色性能。
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在这项工作中,我们提出了FedSSO,这是一种用于联合学习的服务器端二阶优化方法(FL)。与以前朝这个方向的工作相反,我们在准牛顿方法中采用了服务器端近似,而无需客户的任何培训数据。通过这种方式,我们不仅将计算负担从客户端转移到服务器,而且还消除了客户和服务器之间二阶更新的附加通信。我们为我们的新方法的收敛提供了理论保证,并从经验上证明了我们在凸面和非凸面设置中的快速收敛和沟通节省。
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Federated learning (FL) is an effective technique to directly involve edge devices in machine learning training while preserving client privacy. However, the substantial communication overhead of FL makes training challenging when edge devices have limited network bandwidth. Existing work to optimize FL bandwidth overlooks downstream transmission and does not account for FL client sampling. In this paper we propose GlueFL, a framework that incorporates new client sampling and model compression algorithms to mitigate low download bandwidths of FL clients. GlueFL prioritizes recently used clients and bounds the number of changed positions in compression masks in each round. Across three popular FL datasets and three state-of-the-art strategies, GlueFL reduces downstream client bandwidth by 27% on average and reduces training time by 29% on average.
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联合学习(FL)是一个分布式的机器学习框架,可以减轻数据孤岛,在该筒仓中,分散的客户在不共享其私人数据的情况下协作学习全球模型。但是,客户的非独立且相同分布的(非IID)数据对训练有素的模型产生了负面影响,并且具有不同本地更新的客户可能会在每个通信回合中对本地梯度造成巨大差距。在本文中,我们提出了一种联合矢量平均(FedVeca)方法来解决上述非IID数据问题。具体而言,我们为与本地梯度相关的全球模型设定了一个新的目标。局部梯度定义为具有步长和方向的双向向量,其中步长为局部更新的数量,并且根据我们的定义将方向分为正和负。在FedVeca中,方向受步尺的影响,因此我们平均双向向量,以降低不同步骤尺寸的效果。然后,我们理论上分析了步骤大小与全球目标之间的关系,并在每个通信循环的步骤大小上获得上限。基于上限,我们为服务器和客户端设计了一种算法,以自适应调整使目标接近最佳的步骤大小。最后,我们通过构建原型系统对不同数据集,模型和场景进行实验,实验结果证明了FedVeca方法的有效性和效率。
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联合学习(FL)可以培训全球模型,而无需共享存储在多个设备上的分散的原始数据以保护数据隐私。由于设备的能力多样化,FL框架难以解决Straggler效应和过时模型的问题。此外,数据异质性在FL训练过程中会导致全球模型的严重准确性降解。为了解决上述问题,我们提出了一个层次同步FL框架,即Fedhisyn。 Fedhisyn首先根据其计算能力将所有可​​用的设备簇分为少数类别。经过一定的本地培训间隔后,将不同类别培训的模型同时上传到中央服务器。在单个类别中,设备根据环形拓扑会相互传达局部更新的模型权重。随着环形拓扑中训练的效率更喜欢具有均匀资源的设备,基于计算能力的分类减轻了Straggler效应的影响。此外,多个类别的同步更新与单个类别中的设备通信的组合有助于解决数据异质性问题,同时达到高精度。我们评估了基于MNIST,EMNIST,CIFAR10和CIFAR100数据集的提议框架以及设备的不同异质设置。实验结果表明,在训练准确性和效率方面,Fedhisyn的表现优于六种基线方法,例如FedAvg,脚手架和Fedat。
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联合学习(FL)使多个设备能够在不共享其个人数据的情况下协作学习全局模型。在现实世界应用中,不同的各方可能具有异质数据分布和有限的通信带宽。在本文中,我们有兴趣提高FL系统的通信效率。我们根据梯度规范的重要性调查和设计设备选择策略。特别是,我们的方法包括在每个通信轮中选择具有最高梯度值的最高规范的设备。我们研究了这种选择技术的收敛性和性能,并将其与现有技术进行比较。我们用非IID设置执行几个实验。结果显示了我们的方法的收敛性,与随机选择比较的测试精度相当大。
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As a novel distributed learning paradigm, federated learning (FL) faces serious challenges in dealing with massive clients with heterogeneous data distribution and computation and communication resources. Various client-variance-reduction schemes and client sampling strategies have been respectively introduced to improve the robustness of FL. Among others, primal-dual algorithms such as the alternating direction of method multipliers (ADMM) have been found being resilient to data distribution and outperform most of the primal-only FL algorithms. However, the reason behind remains a mystery still. In this paper, we firstly reveal the fact that the federated ADMM is essentially a client-variance-reduced algorithm. While this explains the inherent robustness of federated ADMM, the vanilla version of it lacks the ability to be adaptive to the degree of client heterogeneity. Besides, the global model at the server under client sampling is biased which slows down the practical convergence. To go beyond ADMM, we propose a novel primal-dual FL algorithm, termed FedVRA, that allows one to adaptively control the variance-reduction level and biasness of the global model. In addition, FedVRA unifies several representative FL algorithms in the sense that they are either special instances of FedVRA or are close to it. Extensions of FedVRA to semi/un-supervised learning are also presented. Experiments based on (semi-)supervised image classification tasks demonstrate superiority of FedVRA over the existing schemes in learning scenarios with massive heterogeneous clients and client sampling.
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众所周知,客户师沟通可能是联邦学习中的主要瓶颈。在这项工作中,我们通过一种新颖的客户端采样方案解决了这个问题,我们将允许的客户数量限制为将其更新传达给主节点的数量。在每个通信回合中,所有参与的客户都会计算他们的更新,但只有具有“重要”更新的客户可以与主人通信。我们表明,可以仅使用更新的规范来衡量重要性,并提供一个公式以最佳客户参与。此公式将所有客户参与的完整更新与我们有限的更新(参与客户数量受到限制)之间的距离最小化。此外,我们提供了一种简单的算法,该算法近似于客户参与的最佳公式,该公式仅需要安全的聚合,因此不会损害客户的隐私。我们在理论上和经验上都表明,对于分布式SGD(DSGD)和联合平均(FedAvg),我们的方法的性能可以接近完全参与,并且优于基线,在参与客户均匀地采样的基线。此外,我们的方法与现有的减少通信开销(例如本地方法和通信压缩方法)的现有方法兼容。
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The statistical heterogeneity of the non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data in local clients significantly limits the performance of federated learning. Previous attempts like FedProx, SCAFFOLD, MOON, FedNova and FedDyn resort to an optimization perspective, which requires an auxiliary term or re-weights local updates to calibrate the learning bias or the objective inconsistency. However, in addition to previous explorations for improvement in federated averaging, our analysis shows that another critical bottleneck is the poorer optima of client models in more heterogeneous conditions. We thus introduce a data-driven approach called FedSkip to improve the client optima by periodically skipping federated averaging and scattering local models to the cross devices. We provide theoretical analysis of the possible benefit from FedSkip and conduct extensive experiments on a range of datasets to demonstrate that FedSkip achieves much higher accuracy, better aggregation efficiency and competing communication efficiency. Source code is available at: https://github.com/MediaBrain-SJTU/FedSkip.
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Federated learning (FL) is a method to train model with distributed data from numerous participants such as IoT devices. It inherently assumes a uniform capacity among participants. However, participants have diverse computational resources in practice due to different conditions such as different energy budgets or executing parallel unrelated tasks. It is necessary to reduce the computation overhead for participants with inefficient computational resources, otherwise they would be unable to finish the full training process. To address the computation heterogeneity, in this paper we propose a strategy for estimating local models without computationally intensive iterations. Based on it, we propose Computationally Customized Federated Learning (CCFL), which allows each participant to determine whether to perform conventional local training or model estimation in each round based on its current computational resources. Both theoretical analysis and exhaustive experiments indicate that CCFL has the same convergence rate as FedAvg without resource constraints. Furthermore, CCFL can be viewed of a computation-efficient extension of FedAvg that retains model performance while considerably reducing computation overhead.
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我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以研究异步联合学习优化,并在梯度更新中延迟。我们的理论框架通过引入随机聚合权重来表示客户更新时间的可变性,从而扩展了标准的FedAvg聚合方案,例如异质硬件功能。我们的形式主义适用于客户具有异质数据集并至少执行随机梯度下降(SGD)的一步。我们证明了这种方案的收敛性,并为相关最小值提供了足够的条件,使其成为联邦问题的最佳选择。我们表明,我们的一般框架适用于现有的优化方案,包括集中学习,FedAvg,异步FedAvg和FedBuff。这里提供的理论允许绘制有意义的指南,以设计在异质条件下的联合学习实验。特别是,我们在这项工作中开发了FedFix,这是FedAvg的新型扩展,从而实现了有效的异步联合训练,同时保留了同步聚合的收敛稳定性。我们在一系列实验上凭经验证明了我们的理论,表明异步FedAvg以稳定性为代价导致快速收敛,我们最终证明了FedFix比同步和异步FedAvg的改善。
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当上行链路和下行链路通信都有错误时联合学习(FL)工作吗?通信噪音可以处理多少,其对学习性能的影响是什么?这项工作致力于通过明确地纳入流水线中的上行链路和下行链路嘈杂的信道来回答这些实际重要的问题。我们在同时上行链路和下行链路嘈杂通信通道上提供了多种新的融合分析,其包括完整和部分客户端参与,直接模型和模型差分传输,以及非独立和相同分布的(IID)本地数据集。这些分析表征了嘈杂通道的流动条件,使其具有与无通信错误的理想情况相同的融合行为。更具体地,为了保持FEDAVG的O(1 / T)具有完美通信的O(1 / T)收敛速率,应控制用于直接模型传输的上行链路和下行链路信噪比(SNR),使得它们被缩放为O(t ^ 2)其中T是通信轮的索引,但可以保持常量的模型差分传输。这些理论结果的关键洞察力是“雷达下的飞行”原则 - 随机梯度下降(SGD)是一个固有的噪声过程,并且可以容忍上行链路/下行链路通信噪声,只要它们不占据时变的SGD噪声即可。我们举例说明了具有两种广泛采用的通信技术 - 传输功率控制和多样性组合的这些理论发现 - 并通过使用多个真实世界流动任务的广泛数值实验进一步通过标准方法验证它们的性能优势。
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