While transformers have greatly boosted performance in semantic segmentation, domain adaptive transformers are not yet well explored. We identify that the domain gap can cause discrepancies in self-attention. Due to this gap, the transformer attends to spurious regions or pixels, which deteriorates accuracy on the target domain. We propose to perform adaptation on attention maps with cross-domain attention layers that share features between the source and the target domains. Specifically, we impose consistency between predictions from cross-domain attention and self-attention modules to encourage similar distribution in the attention and output of the model across domains, i.e., attention-level and output-level alignment. We also enforce consistency in attention maps between different augmented views to further strengthen the attention-based alignment. Combining these two components, our method mitigates the discrepancy in attention maps across domains and further boosts the performance of the transformer under unsupervised domain adaptation settings. Our model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art baseline model on three widely used benchmarks, including GTAV-to-Cityscapes by 1.3 percent point (pp), Synthia-to-Cityscapes by 0.6 pp, and Cityscapes-to-ACDC by 1.1 pp, on average. Additionally, we verify the effectiveness and generalizability of our method through extensive experiments. Our code will be publicly available.

Unsupervised sim-to-real domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation aims to improve the real-world test performance of a model trained on simulated data. It can save the cost of manually labeling data in real-world applications such as robot vision and autonomous driving. Traditional UDA often assumes that there are abundant unlabeled real-world data samples available during training for the adaptation. However, such an assumption does not always hold in practice owing to the collection difficulty and the scarcity of the data. Thus, we aim to relieve this need on a large number of real data, and explore the one-shot unsupervised sim-to-real domain adaptation (OSUDA) and generalization (OSDG) problem, where only one real-world data sample is available. To remedy the limited real data knowledge, we first construct the pseudo-target domain by stylizing the simulated data with the one-shot real data. To mitigate the sim-to-real domain gap on both the style and spatial structure level and facilitate the sim-to-real adaptation, we further propose to use class-aware cross-domain transformers with an intermediate domain randomization strategy to extract the domain-invariant knowledge, from both the simulated and pseudo-target data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for OSUDA and OSDG on different benchmarks, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin, 10.87, 9.59, 13.05 and 15.91 mIoU on GTA, SYNTHIA$\rightarrow$Cityscapes, Foggy Cityscapes, respectively.

无监督的域适应性（UDA）旨在使标记的源域的模型适应未标记的目标域。现有的基于UDA的语义细分方法始终降低像素级别，功能级别和输出级别的域移动。但是，几乎所有这些都在很大程度上忽略了上下文依赖性，该依赖性通常在不同的领域共享，从而导致较不怀疑的绩效。在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的环境感知混音（camix）框架自适应语义分割的框架，该框架以完全端到端的可训练方式利用了上下文依赖性的这一重要线索作为显式的先验知识，以增强对适应性的适应性目标域。首先，我们通过利用积累的空间分布和先前的上下文关系来提出上下文掩盖的生成策略。生成的上下文掩码在这项工作中至关重要，并将指导三个不同级别的上下文感知域混合。此外，提供了背景知识，我们引入了重要的一致性损失，以惩罚混合学生预测与混合教师预测之间的不一致，从而减轻了适应性的负面转移，例如早期绩效降级。广泛的实验和分析证明了我们方法对广泛使用的UDA基准的最新方法的有效性。

无监督的域适应性（UDA）旨在使在标记的源域上训练的模型适应未标记的目标域。在本文中，我们提出了典型的对比度适应（PROCA），这是一种无监督域自适应语义分割的简单有效的对比度学习方法。以前的域适应方法仅考虑跨各个域的阶级内表示分布的对齐，而阶层间结构关系的探索不足，从而导致目标域上的对齐表示可能不像在源上歧视的那样容易歧视。域了。取而代之的是，ProCA将类间信息纳入班级原型，并采用以班级为中心的分布对齐进行适应。通过将同一类原型与阳性和其他类原型视为实现以集体为中心的分配对齐方式的负面原型，Proca在经典领域适应任务上实现了最先进的性能，{\ em i.e. text {and} synthia $ \ to $ cityScapes}。代码可在\ href {https://github.com/jiangzhengkai/proca} {proca}获得代码

We describe a simple method for unsupervised domain adaptation, whereby the discrepancy between the source and target distributions is reduced by swapping the lowfrequency spectrum of one with the other. We illustrate the method in semantic segmentation, where densely annotated images are aplenty in one domain (e.g., synthetic data), but difficult to obtain in another (e.g., real images). Current state-of-the-art methods are complex, some requiring adversarial optimization to render the backbone of a neural network invariant to the discrete domain selection variable. Our method does not require any training to perform the domain alignment, just a simple Fourier Transform and its inverse. Despite its simplicity, it achieves state-of-the-art performance in the current benchmarks, when integrated into a relatively standard semantic segmentation model. Our results indicate that even simple procedures can discount nuisance variability in the data that more sophisticated methods struggle to learn away. 1

Semantic segmentation is a key problem for many computer vision tasks. While approaches based on convolutional neural networks constantly break new records on different benchmarks, generalizing well to diverse testing environments remains a major challenge. In numerous real world applications, there is indeed a large gap between data distributions in train and test domains, which results in severe performance loss at run-time. In this work, we address the task of unsupervised domain adaptation in semantic segmentation with losses based on the entropy of the pixel-wise predictions. To this end, we propose two novel, complementary methods using (i) an entropy loss and (ii) an adversarial loss respectively. We demonstrate state-of-theart performance in semantic segmentation on two challenging "synthetic-2-real" set-ups 1 and show that the approach can also be used for detection.

Domain adaptation aims to bridge the domain shifts between the source and the target domain. These shifts may span different dimensions such as fog, rainfall, etc. However, recent methods typically do not consider explicit prior knowledge about the domain shifts on a specific dimension, thus leading to less desired adaptation performance. In this paper, we study a practical setting called Specific Domain Adaptation (SDA) that aligns the source and target domains in a demanded-specific dimension. Within this setting, we observe the intra-domain gap induced by different domainness (i.e., numerical magnitudes of domain shifts in this dimension) is crucial when adapting to a specific domain. To address the problem, we propose a novel Self-Adversarial Disentangling (SAD) framework. In particular, given a specific dimension, we first enrich the source domain by introducing a domainness creator with providing additional supervisory signals. Guided by the created domainness, we design a self-adversarial regularizer and two loss functions to jointly disentangle the latent representations into domainness-specific and domainness-invariant features, thus mitigating the intra-domain gap. Our method can be easily taken as a plug-and-play framework and does not introduce any extra costs in the inference time. We achieve consistent improvements over state-of-the-art methods in both object detection and semantic segmentation.

语义分割在广泛的计算机视觉应用中起着基本作用，提供了全球对图像​​的理解的关键信息。然而，最先进的模型依赖于大量的注释样本，其比在诸如图像分类的任务中获得更昂贵的昂贵的样本。由于未标记的数据替代地获得更便宜，因此无监督的域适应达到了语义分割社区的广泛成功并不令人惊讶。本调查致力于总结这一令人难以置信的快速增长的领域的五年，这包含了语义细分本身的重要性，以及将分段模型适应新环境的关键需求。我们提出了最重要的语义分割方法;我们对语义分割的域适应技术提供了全面的调查;我们揭示了多域学习，域泛化，测试时间适应或无源域适应等较新的趋势;我们通过描述在语义细分研究中最广泛使用的数据集和基准测试来结束本调查。我们希望本调查将在学术界和工业中提供具有全面参考指导的研究人员，并有助于他们培养现场的新研究方向。

虽然姿势估计是一项重要的计算机视觉任务，但它需要昂贵的注释，并且遭受了域转移的困扰。在本文中，我们调查了域自适应2D姿势估计的问题，这些估计会传输有关合成源域的知识，而无需监督。尽管最近已经提出了几个领域的自适应姿势估计模型，但它们不是通用的，而是专注于人姿势或动物姿势估计，因此它们的有效性在某种程度上限于特定情况。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个统一的框架，该框架可以很好地推广到各种领域自适应姿势估计问题上。我们建议使用输入级别和输出级线索（分别是像素和姿势标签）对齐表示，这有助于知识转移从源域到未标记的目标域。我们的实验表明，我们的方法在各个领域变化下实现了最先进的性能。我们的方法的表现优于现有的姿势估计基线，最高4.5％（PP），手部姿势估算高达7.4 pp，狗的动物姿势估计高达4.8 pp，而绵羊的姿势估计为3.3 pp。这些结果表明，我们的方法能够减轻各种任务甚至看不见的域和物体的转移（例如，在马匹上训练并在狗上进行了测试）。我们的代码将在以下网址公开可用：https：//github.com/visionlearninggroup/uda_poseestimation。

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is a promising task freeing people from heavy annotation work. However, domain discrepancies in low-level image statistics and high-level contexts compromise the segmentation performance over the target domain. A key idea to tackle this problem is to perform both image-level and feature-level adaptation jointly. Unfortunately, there is a lack of such unified approaches for UDA tasks in the existing literature. This paper proposes a novel UDA pipeline for semantic segmentation that unifies image-level and feature-level adaptation. Concretely, for image-level domain shifts, we propose a global photometric alignment module and a global texture alignment module that align images in the source and target domains in terms of image-level properties. For feature-level domain shifts, we perform global manifold alignment by projecting pixel features from both domains onto the feature manifold of the source domain; and we further regularize category centers in the source domain through a category-oriented triplet loss and perform target domain consistency regularization over augmented target domain images. Experimental results demonstrate that our pipeline significantly outperforms previous methods. In the commonly tested GTA5$\rightarrow$Cityscapes task, our proposed method using Deeplab V3+ as the backbone surpasses previous SOTA by 8%, achieving 58.2% in mIoU.

最近，检测变压器（DETR）是一种端到端对象检测管道，已达到有希望的性能。但是，它需要大规模标记的数据，并遭受域移位，尤其是当目标域中没有标记的数据时。为了解决这个问题，我们根据平均教师框架MTTRANS提出了一个端到端的跨域检测变压器，该变压器可以通过伪标签充分利用对象检测训练中未标记的目标域数据和在域之间的传输知识中的传输知识。我们进一步提出了综合的多级特征对齐方式，以改善由平均教师框架生成的伪标签，利用跨尺度的自我注意事项机制在可变形的DETR中。图像和对象特征在本地，全局和实例级别与基于域查询的特征对齐（DQFA），基于BI级的基于图形的原型对齐（BGPA）和Wine-Wise图像特征对齐（TIFA）对齐。另一方面，未标记的目标域数据伪标记，可用于平均教师框架的对象检测训练，可以导致更好的特征提取和对齐。因此，可以根据变压器的架构对迭代和相互优化的平均教师框架和全面的多层次特征对齐。广泛的实验表明，我们提出的方法在三个领域适应方案中实现了最先进的性能，尤其是SIM10K到CityScapes方案的结果，从52.6地图提高到57.9地图。代码将发布。

深度神经网络（DNN）极大地促进了语义分割中的性能增益。然而，训练DNN通常需要大量的像素级标记数据，这在实践中收集昂贵且耗时。为了减轻注释负担，本文提出了一种自组装的生成对抗网络（SE-GAN）利用语义分割的跨域数据。在SE-GaN中，教师网络和学生网络构成用于生成语义分割图的自组装模型，与鉴别器一起形成GaN。尽管它很简单，我们发现SE-GaN可以显着提高对抗性训练的性能，提高模型的稳定性，这是由大多数普遍培训的方法共享的常见障碍。我们理论上分析SE-GaN并提供$ \ Mathcal o（1 / \ sqrt {n}）$泛化绑定（$ n $是培训样本大小），这表明控制了鉴别者的假设复杂性，以提高概括性。因此，我们选择一个简单的网络作为鉴别器。两个标准设置中的广泛和系统实验表明，该方法显着优于最新的最先进的方法。我们模型的源代码即将推出。

本文提出了一种新颖的像素级分布正则化方案（DRSL），用于自我监督的语义分割域的适应性。在典型的环境中，分类损失迫使语义分割模型贪婪地学习捕获类间变化的表示形式，以确定决策（类）边界。由于域的转移，该决策边界在目标域中未对齐，从而导致嘈杂的伪标签对自我监督域的适应性产生不利影响。为了克服这一限制，以及捕获阶层间变化，我们通过类感知的多模式分布学习（MMDL）捕获了像素级内的类内变化。因此，捕获阶层内变化所需的信息与阶层间歧视所需的信息明确分开。因此，捕获的功能更具信息性，导致伪噪声低的伪标记。这种分离使我们能够使用前者的基于跨凝结的自学习，在判别空间和多模式分布空间中进行单独的对齐。稍后，我们通过明确降低映射到同一模式的目标和源像素之间的距离来提出一种新型的随机模式比对方法。距离度量标签上计算出的距离度量损失，并从多模式建模头部反向传播，充当与分割头共享的基本网络上的正常化程序。关于合成到真实域的适应设置的全面实验的结果，即GTA-V/Synthia to CityScapes，表明DRSL的表现优于许多现有方法（MIOU的最小余量为2.3％和2.5％，用于MIOU，而合成的MIOU到CityScapes）。

在这项工作中，我们提出了Cluda，这是一种简单而又新颖的方法，用于通过将对比损失纳入学生教师学习范式中，以进行语义分割，以进行语义分割，以利用伪标记，以通过伪标记产生的伪标记。教师网络。更具体地说，我们从编码器中提取多级融合功能图，并通过图像的源目标混合使用不同类别和不同域的对比度损失。我们始终提高各种特征编码器体系结构和语义分割中不同域适应数据集的性能。此外，我们引入了一种学识渊博的对比损失，以改善UDA最先进的多分辨率训练方法。我们在gta $ \ rightarrow $ cityScapes（74.4 miou，+0.6）和Synthia $ \ rightarrow $ cityScapes（67.2 miou，+1.4）数据集上产生最先进的结果。 Cluda有效地证明了UDA中的对比度学习是一种通用方法，可以轻松地将其集成到任何现有的UDA中以进行语义分割任务。有关实施的详细信息，请参考补充材料。

语义细分是智能车辆了解环境的重要任务。当前的深度学习方法需要大量的标记数据进行培训。手动注释很昂贵，而模拟器可以提供准确的注释。但是，在实际场景中应用时，使用模拟器数据训练的语义分割模型的性能将大大降低。对于语义分割的无监督域适应性（UDA）最近引起了越来越多的研究注意力，旨在减少域间隙并改善目标域的性能。在本文中，我们提出了一种新型的基于两阶段熵的UDA方法，用于语义分割。在第一阶段，我们设计了一个阈值适应的无监督局灶性损失，以使目标域中的预测正常，该预测具有轻度的梯度中和机制，并减轻了在基于熵方法中几乎没有优化硬样品的问题。在第二阶段，我们引入了一种名为跨域图像混合（CIM）的数据增强方法，以弥合两个域的语义知识。我们的方法在合成景观和gta5-to-cityscapes上使用DeepLabV2和使用轻量级的Bisenet实现了最新的58.4％和59.6％的MIOS和59.6％的Mious。

In unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA), a model trained on source data (e.g. synthetic) is adapted to target data (e.g. real-world) without access to target annotation. Most previous UDA methods struggle with classes that have a similar visual appearance on the target domain as no ground truth is available to learn the slight appearance differences. To address this problem, we propose a Masked Image Consistency (MIC) module to enhance UDA by learning spatial context relations of the target domain as additional clues for robust visual recognition. MIC enforces the consistency between predictions of masked target images, where random patches are withheld, and pseudo-labels that are generated based on the complete image by an exponential moving average teacher. To minimize the consistency loss, the network has to learn to infer the predictions of the masked regions from their context. Due to its simple and universal concept, MIC can be integrated into various UDA methods across different visual recognition tasks such as image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. MIC significantly improves the state-of-the-art performance across the different recognition tasks for synthetic-to-real, day-to-nighttime, and clear-to-adverse-weather UDA. For instance, MIC achieves an unprecedented UDA performance of 75.9 mIoU and 92.8% on GTA-to-Cityscapes and VisDA-2017, respectively, which corresponds to an improvement of +2.1 and +3.0 percent points over the previous state of the art. The implementation is available at https://github.com/lhoyer/MIC.

由于难以获得地面真理标签，从虚拟世界数据集学习对于像语义分割等现实世界的应用非常关注。从域适应角度来看，关键挑战是学习输入的域名签名表示，以便从虚拟数据中受益。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的三叉戟架构，该架构强制执行共享特征编码器，同时满足对抗源和目标约束，从而学习域不变的特征空间。此外，我们还介绍了一种新颖的训练管道，在前向通过期间能够自我引起的跨域数据增强。这有助于进一步减少域间隙。结合自我培训过程，我们在基准数据集（例如GTA5或Synthia适应城市景观）上获得最先进的结果。Https://github.com/hmrc-ael/trideadapt提供了代码和预先训练的型号。

在无监督的域自适应（UDA）语义分割中，基于蒸馏的方法目前在性能上占主导地位。但是，蒸馏技术需要使多阶段的过程和许多培训技巧复杂化。在本文中，我们提出了一种简单而有效的方法，可以实现高级蒸馏方法的竞争性能。我们的核心思想是从边界和功能的观点充分探索目标域信息。首先，我们提出了一种新颖的混合策略，以产生具有地面标签的高质量目标域边界。与以前的作品中的源域边界不同，我们选择了高信心目标域区域，然后将其粘贴到源域图像中。这样的策略可以使用正确的标签在目标域（目标域对象区域的边缘）中生成对象边界。因此，可以通过学习混合样品来有效地捕获目标域的边界信息。其次，我们设计了多层对比损失，以改善目标域数据的表示，包括像素级和原型级对比度学习。通过结合两种建议的方法，可以提取更多的判别特征，并且可以更好地解决目标域的硬对象边界。对两个常用基准测试的实验结果（\ textit {i.e。}，gta5 $ \ rightarrow $ cityScapes and synthia $ \ rightarrow $ cityScapes）表明，我们的方法在复杂的蒸馏方法上取得了竞争性能。值得注意的是，对于Synthia $ \ rightarrow $ CityScapes方案，我们的方法以$ 57.8 \％$ MIOU和$ 64.6 \％$ MIOU的16堂课和16堂课实现了最先进的性能。代码可在https://github.com/ljjcoder/ehtdi上找到。

Domain adaptive object detection (DAOD) aims to alleviate transfer performance degradation caused by the cross-domain discrepancy. However, most existing DAOD methods are dominated by computationally intensive two-stage detectors, which are not the first choice for industrial applications. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised domain adaptive YOLO (SSDA-YOLO) based method to improve cross-domain detection performance by integrating the compact one-stage detector YOLOv5 with domain adaptation. Specifically, we adapt the knowledge distillation framework with the Mean Teacher model to assist the student model in obtaining instance-level features of the unlabeled target domain. We also utilize the scene style transfer to cross-generate pseudo images in different domains for remedying image-level differences. In addition, an intuitive consistency loss is proposed to further align cross-domain predictions. We evaluate our proposed SSDA-YOLO on public benchmarks including PascalVOC, Clipart1k, Cityscapes, and Foggy Cityscapes. Moreover, to verify its generalization, we conduct experiments on yawning detection datasets collected from various classrooms. The results show considerable improvements of our method in these DAOD tasks. Our code is available on \url{https://github.com/hnuzhy/SSDA-YOLO}.

Accurate segmentation of power lines in aerial images is essential to ensure the flight safety of aerial vehicles. Acquiring high-quality ground truth annotations for training a deep learning model is a laborious process. Therefore, developing algorithms that can leverage knowledge from labelled synthetic data to unlabelled real images is highly demanded. This process is studied in Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). Recent approaches to self-training have achieved remarkable performance in UDA for semantic segmentation, which trains a model with pseudo labels on the target domain. However, the pseudo labels are noisy due to a discrepancy in the two data distributions. We identify that context dependency is important for bridging this domain gap. Motivated by this, we propose QuadFormer, a novel framework designed for domain adaptive semantic segmentation. The hierarchical quadruple transformer combines cross-attention and self-attention mechanisms to adapt transferable context. Based on cross-attentive and self-attentive feature representations, we introduce a pseudo label correction scheme to online denoise the pseudo labels and reduce the domain gap. Additionally, we present two datasets - ARPLSyn and ARPLReal to further advance research in unsupervised domain adaptive powerline segmentation. Finally, experimental results indicate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance for the domain adaptive power line segmentation on ARPLSyn$\rightarrow$TTTPLA and ARPLSyn$\rightarrow$ARPLReal.