Spatial pyramid pooling module or encode-decoder structure are used in deep neural networks for semantic segmentation task. The former networks are able to encode multi-scale contextual information by probing the incoming features with filters or pooling operations at multiple rates and multiple effective fields-of-view, while the latter networks can capture sharper object boundaries by gradually recovering the spatial information. In this work, we propose to combine the advantages from both methods. Specifically, our proposed model, DeepLabv3+, extends DeepLabv3 by adding a simple yet effective decoder module to refine the segmentation results especially along object boundaries. We further explore the Xception model and apply the depthwise separable convolution to both Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling and decoder modules, resulting in a faster and stronger encoder-decoder network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model on PASCAL VOC 2012 and Cityscapes datasets, achieving the test set performance of 89.0% and 82.1% without any post-processing. Our paper is accompanied with a publicly available reference implementation of the proposed models in Tensorflow at https: //github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/research/deeplab.

In this work we address the task of semantic image segmentation with Deep Learning and make three main contributions that are experimentally shown to have substantial practical merit. First, we highlight convolution with upsampled filters, or 'atrous convolution', as a powerful tool in dense prediction tasks. Atrous convolution allows us to explicitly control the resolution at which feature responses are computed within Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. It also allows us to effectively enlarge the field of view of filters to incorporate larger context without increasing the number of parameters or the amount of computation. Second, we propose atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) to robustly segment objects at multiple scales. ASPP probes an incoming convolutional feature layer with filters at multiple sampling rates and effective fields-of-views, thus capturing objects as well as image context at multiple scales. Third, we improve the localization of object boundaries by combining methods from DCNNs and probabilistic graphical models. The commonly deployed combination of max-pooling and downsampling in DCNNs achieves invariance but has a toll on localization accuracy. We overcome this by combining the responses at the final DCNN layer with a fully connected Conditional Random Field (CRF), which is shown both qualitatively and quantitatively to improve localization performance. Our proposed "DeepLab" system sets the new state-of-art at the PASCAL VOC-2012 semantic image segmentation task, reaching 79.7% mIOU in the test set, and advances the results on three other datasets: PASCAL-Context, PASCAL-Person-Part, and Cityscapes. All of our code is made publicly available online.

我们展示了一个下一代神经网络架构，马赛克，用于移动设备上的高效和准确的语义图像分割。MOSAIC是通过各种移动硬件平台使用常用的神经操作设计，以灵活地部署各种移动平台。利用简单的非对称编码器 - 解码器结构，该解码器结构由有效的多尺度上下文编码器和轻量级混合解码器组成，以从聚合信息中恢复空间细节，Mosaic在平衡准确度和计算成本的同时实现了新的最先进的性能。基于搜索的分类网络，马赛克部署在定制的特征提取骨架顶部，达到目前行业标准MLPerf型号和最先进的架构，达到5％的绝对精度增益。

Recently, Neural Architecture Search (NAS) has successfully identified neural network architectures that exceed human designed ones on large-scale image classification. In this paper, we study NAS for semantic image segmentation. Existing works often focus on searching the repeatable cell structure, while hand-designing the outer network structure that controls the spatial resolution changes. This choice simplifies the search space, but becomes increasingly problematic for dense image prediction which exhibits a lot more network level architectural variations. Therefore, we propose to search the network level structure in addition to the cell level structure, which forms a hierarchical architecture search space. We present a network level search space that includes many popular designs, and develop a formulation that allows efficient gradient-based architecture search (3 P100 GPU days on Cityscapes images). We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on the challenging Cityscapes, PASCAL VOC 2012, and ADE20K datasets. Auto-DeepLab, our architecture searched specifically for semantic image segmentation, attains state-of-the-art performance without any ImageNet pretraining. 1 * Work done while an intern at Google.

In this work, we introduce Panoptic-DeepLab, a simple, strong, and fast system for panoptic segmentation, aiming to establish a solid baseline for bottom-up methods that can achieve comparable performance of two-stage methods while yielding fast inference speed. In particular, Panoptic-DeepLab adopts the dual-ASPP and dual-decoder structures specific to semantic, and instance segmentation, respectively. The semantic segmentation branch is the same as the typical design of any semantic segmentation model (e.g., DeepLab), while the instance segmentation branch is class-agnostic, involving a simple instance center regression. As a result, our single Panoptic-DeepLab simultaneously ranks first at all three Cityscapes benchmarks, setting the new state-of-art of 84.2% mIoU, 39.0% AP, and 65.5% PQ on test set. Additionally, equipped with MobileNetV3, Panoptic-DeepLab runs nearly in real-time with a single 1025 × 2049 image (15.8 frames per second), while achieving a competitive performance on Cityscapes (54.1 PQ% on test set). On Mapillary Vistas test set, our ensemble of six models attains 42.7% PQ, outperforming the challenge winner in 2018 by a healthy margin of 1.5%. Finally, our Panoptic-DeepLab also performs on par with several topdown approaches on the challenging COCO dataset. For the first time, we demonstrate a bottom-up approach could deliver state-of-the-art results on panoptic segmentation.

现代的高性能语义分割方法采用沉重的主链和扩张的卷积来提取相关特征。尽管使用上下文和语义信息提取功能对于分割任务至关重要，但它为实时应用程序带来了内存足迹和高计算成本。本文提出了一种新模型，以实现实时道路场景语义细分的准确性/速度之间的权衡。具体来说，我们提出了一个名为“比例吸引的条带引导特征金字塔网络”（s \ textsuperscript {2} -fpn）的轻巧模型。我们的网络由三个主要模块组成：注意金字塔融合（APF）模块，比例吸引条带注意模块（SSAM）和全局特征Upsample（GFU）模块。 APF采用了注意力机制来学习判别性多尺度特征，并有助于缩小不同级别之间的语义差距。 APF使用量表感知的关注来用垂直剥离操作编码全局上下文，并建模长期依赖性，这有助于将像素与类似的语义标签相关联。此外，APF还采用频道重新加权块（CRB）来强调频道功能。最后，S \ TextSuperScript {2} -fpn的解码器然后采用GFU，该GFU用于融合APF和编码器的功能。已经对两个具有挑战性的语义分割基准进行了广泛的实验，这表明我们的方法通过不同的模型设置实现了更好的准确性/速度权衡。提出的模型已在CityScapes Dataset上实现了76.2 \％miou/87.3fps，77.4 \％miou/67fps和77.8 \％miou/30.5fps，以及69.6 \％miou，71.0 miou，71.0 \％miou，和74.2 \％\％\％\％\％\％。 miou在Camvid数据集上。这项工作的代码将在\ url {https://github.com/mohamedac29/s2-fpn提供。

Incorporating multi-scale features in fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs) has been a key element to achieving state-of-the-art performance on semantic image segmentation. One common way to extract multi-scale features is to feed multiple resized input images to a shared deep network and then merge the resulting features for pixelwise classification. In this work, we propose an attention mechanism that learns to softly weight the multi-scale features at each pixel location. We adapt a state-of-the-art semantic image segmentation model, which we jointly train with multi-scale input images and the attention model. The proposed attention model not only outperforms averageand max-pooling, but allows us to diagnostically visualize the importance of features at different positions and scales. Moreover, we show that adding extra supervision to the output at each scale is essential to achieving excellent performance when merging multi-scale features. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model with extensive experiments on three challenging datasets, including PASCAL-Person-Part,

语义分割是计算机视觉中的关键任务之一，它是为图像中的每个像素分配类别标签。尽管最近取得了重大进展，但大多数现有方法仍然遇到两个具有挑战性的问题：1）图像中的物体和东西的大小可能非常多样化，要求将多规模特征纳入完全卷积网络（FCN）； 2）由于卷积网络的固有弱点，很难分类靠近物体/物体的边界的像素。为了解决第一个问题，我们提出了一个新的多受感受性现场模块（MRFM），明确考虑了多尺度功能。对于第二期，我们设计了一个边缘感知损失，可有效区分对象/物体的边界。通过这两种设计，我们的多种接收场网络在两个广泛使用的语义分割基准数据集上实现了新的最先进的结果。具体来说，我们在CityScapes数据集上实现了83.0的平均值，在Pascal VOC2012数据集中达到了88.4的平均值。

语义分割是自主车辆了解周围场景的关键技术。当代模型的吸引力表现通常以牺牲重计算和冗长的推理时间为代价，这对于自行车来说是无法忍受的。在低分辨率图像上使用轻量级架构（编码器 - 解码器或双路）或推理，最近的方法实现了非常快的场景解析，即使在单个1080TI GPU上以100多件FPS运行。然而，这些实时方法与基于扩张骨架的模型之间的性能仍有显着差距。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一家专门为实时语义细分设计的高效底座。所提出的深层双分辨率网络（DDRNET）由两个深部分支组成，之间进行多个双边融合。此外，我们设计了一个名为Deep聚合金字塔池（DAPPM）的新上下文信息提取器，以基于低分辨率特征映射放大有效的接收字段和熔丝多尺度上下文。我们的方法在城市景观和Camvid数据集上的准确性和速度之间实现了新的最先进的权衡。特别是，在单一的2080Ti GPU上，DDRNET-23-Slim在Camvid测试组上的Citycapes试验组102 FPS上的102 FPS，74.7％Miou。通过广泛使用的测试增强，我们的方法优于最先进的模型，需要计算得多。 CODES和培训的型号在线提供。

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have recently shown state of the art performance in high level vision tasks, such as image classification and object detection. This work brings together methods from DCNNs and probabilistic graphical models for addressing the task of pixel-level classification (also called "semantic image segmentation"). We show that responses at the final layer of DCNNs are not sufficiently localized for accurate object segmentation. This is due to the very invariance properties that make DCNNs good for high level tasks. We overcome this poor localization property of deep networks by combining the responses at the final DCNN layer with a fully connected Conditional Random Field (CRF). Qualitatively, our "DeepLab" system is able to localize segment boundaries at a level of accuracy which is beyond previous methods. Quantitatively, our method sets the new state-of-art at the PASCAL VOC-2012 semantic image segmentation task, reaching 71.6% IOU accuracy in the test set. We show how these results can be obtained efficiently: Careful network re-purposing and a novel application of the 'hole' algorithm from the wavelet community allow dense computation of neural net responses at 8 frames per second on a modern GPU.

在语义细分中，将高级上下文信息与低级详细信息集成至关重要。为此，大多数现有的分割模型都采用双线性启动采样和卷积来具有不同尺度的地图，然后以相同的分辨率对齐。但是，双线性启动采样模糊了这些特征地图和卷积中所学到的精确信息，这会产生额外的计算成本。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了隐式特征对齐函数（IFA）。我们的方法的灵感来自隐式神经表示的快速扩展的主题，在该主题中，基于坐标的神经网络用于指定信号字段。在IFA中，特征向量被视为表示2D信息字段。给定查询坐标，附近的具有相对坐标的特征向量是从多级特征图中获取的，然后馈入MLP以生成相应的输出。因此，IFA隐含地将特征图在不同级别对齐，并能够在任意分辨率中产生分割图。我们证明了IFA在多个数据集上的功效，包括CityScapes，Pascal环境和ADE20K。我们的方法可以与各种体系结构的改进结合使用，并在共同基准上实现最新的计算准确性权衡。代码将在https://github.com/hzhupku/ifa上提供。

人们普遍认为，对于准确的语义细分，必须使用昂贵的操作（例如，非常卷积）结合使用昂贵的操作（例如非常卷积），从而导致缓慢的速度和大量的内存使用。在本文中，我们质疑这种信念，并证明既不需要高度的内部决议也不是必需的卷积。我们的直觉是，尽管分割是一个每像素的密集预测任务，但每个像素的语义通常都取决于附近的邻居和遥远的环境。因此，更强大的多尺度功能融合网络起着至关重要的作用。在此直觉之后，我们重新访问常规的多尺度特征空间（通常限制为P5），并将其扩展到更丰富的空间，最小的P9，其中最小的功能仅为输入大小的1/512，因此具有很大的功能接受场。为了处理如此丰富的功能空间，我们利用最近的BIFPN融合了多尺度功能。基于这些见解，我们开发了一个简化的分割模型，称为ESEG，该模型既没有内部分辨率高，也没有昂贵的严重卷积。也许令人惊讶的是，与多个数据集相比，我们的简单方法可以以比以前的艺术更快地实现更高的准确性。在实时设置中，ESEG-Lite-S在189 fps的CityScapes [12]上达到76.0％MIOU，表现优于更快的[9]（73.1％MIOU时为170 fps）。我们的ESEG-LITE-L以79 fps的速度运行，达到80.1％MIOU，在很大程度上缩小了实时和高性能分割模型之间的差距。

Semantic segmentation usually benefits from global contexts, fine localisation information, multi-scale features, etc. To advance Transformer-based segmenters with these aspects, we present a simple yet powerful semantic segmentation architecture, termed as IncepFormer. IncepFormer has two critical contributions as following. First, it introduces a novel pyramid structured Transformer encoder which harvests global context and fine localisation features simultaneously. These features are concatenated and fed into a convolution layer for final per-pixel prediction. Second, IncepFormer integrates an Inception-like architecture with depth-wise convolutions, and a light-weight feed-forward module in each self-attention layer, efficiently obtaining rich local multi-scale object features. Extensive experiments on five benchmarks show that our IncepFormer is superior to state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed, e.g., 1) our IncepFormer-S achieves 47.7% mIoU on ADE20K which outperforms the existing best method by 1% while only costs half parameters and fewer FLOPs. 2) Our IncepFormer-B finally achieves 82.0% mIoU on Cityscapes dataset with 39.6M parameters. Code is available:github.com/shendu0321/IncepFormer.

Australian Centre for Robotic Vision {guosheng.lin;anton.milan;chunhua.shen;

我们提出Segnext，这是一种简单的卷积网络体系结构，用于语义分割。由于自我注意力在编码空间信息中的效率，基于变压器的最新模型已主导语义分割领域。在本文中，我们表明卷积注意是一种比变形金刚中的自我注意机制更有效的编码上下文信息的方法。通过重新检查成功分割模型所拥有的特征，我们发现了几个关键组件，从而导致分割模型的性能提高。这促使我们设计了一个新型的卷积注意网络，该网络使用廉价的卷积操作。没有铃铛和哨子，我们的Segnext显着提高了先前最先进的方法对流行基准测试的性能，包括ADE20K，CityScapes，Coco-stuff，Pascal VOC，Pascal Context和ISAID。值得注意的是，segnext优于w/ nas-fpn的效率超过lavenet-l2，在帕斯卡VOC 2012测试排行榜上仅使用1/10参数，在Pascal VOC 2012测试排行榜上达到90.6％。平均而言，与具有相同或更少计算的ADE20K数据集上的最新方法相比，Segnext的改进约为2.0％。代码可在https://github.com/uyzhang/jseg（jittor）和https://github.com/visual-cratch-network/segnext（pytorch）获得。

神经普通微分方程（ODE）的概念是近似函数（数据模型）而不是函数本身的导数。在残留网络中，而不是具有隐藏层的离散序列，而是可以通过ode参数化隐藏状态的连续动力学的衍生物。已经表明，这种类型的神经网络能够产生与用于图像分类的等效残留网络相同的结果。在本文中，我们为语义分割任务设计了一种新颖的神经颂歌。我们从一个由残留模块组成的基线网络开始，然后使用这些模块来构建我们的神经ode网络。我们表明，我们的神经ODE能够使用训练记忆少57％，测试记忆少42％，参数数量减少68％。我们评估了我们的模型，有关CityScapes，Camvid，Lip和Pascal-Context数据集。

在本文中，我们提出了一种简单但有效的消息传递方法来提高语义分段结果的边界质量。灵感来自Superpixel块的产生的尖锐边缘，我们使用Superpixel指导在特征图中传递的信息。同时，块的尖锐边界也限制了消息传递范围。具体地，我们的平均特征是特征映射内的SuperPixel块覆盖，并将结果添加回每个特征向量。此外，为了获得更清晰的边缘和更远的空间依赖性，我们通过级联的不同尺度超像素块开发多尺度超顶像素模块（MSP）。我们的方法可以用作即插即用模块，并轻松插入任何分段网络而不引入新参数。广泛的实验是在三个强的基线，即pspnet，deeplabv3和deeplabv3 +上进行的，以及四个具有挑战性的场景解析数据集，包括Ade20k，Citycapes，Pascal VOC和Pascal背景。实验结果验证了其有效性和概括性。

在本文中，我们专注于探索有效的方法，以更快，准确和域的不可知性语义分割。受到相邻视频帧之间运动对齐的光流的启发，我们提出了一个流对齐模块（FAM），以了解相邻级别的特征映射之间的\ textit {语义流}，并将高级特征广播到高分辨率特征有效地，有效地有效。 。此外，将我们的FAM与共同特征的金字塔结构集成在一起，甚至在轻量重量骨干网络（例如Resnet-18和DFNET）上也表现出优于其他实时方法的性能。然后，为了进一步加快推理过程，我们还提出了一个新型的封闭式双流对齐模块，以直接对齐高分辨率特征图和低分辨率特征图，在该图中我们将改进版本网络称为SFNET-LITE。广泛的实验是在几个具有挑战性的数据集上进行的，结果显示了SFNET和SFNET-LITE的有效性。特别是，建议的SFNET-LITE系列在使用RESNET-18主链和78.8 MIOU以120 fps运行的情况下，使用RTX-3090上的STDC主链在120 fps运行时，在60 fps运行时达到80.1 miou。此外，我们将四个具有挑战性的驾驶数据集（即CityScapes，Mapillary，IDD和BDD）统一到一个大数据集中，我们将其命名为Unified Drive细分（UDS）数据集。它包含不同的域和样式信息。我们基准了UDS上的几项代表性作品。 SFNET和SFNET-LITE仍然可以在UDS上取得最佳的速度和准确性权衡，这在如此新的挑战性环境中是强大的基准。所有代码和模型均可在https://github.com/lxtgh/sfsegnets上公开获得。

In this paper, we address the scene segmentation task by capturing rich contextual dependencies based on the self-attention mechanism. Unlike previous works that capture contexts by multi-scale feature fusion, we propose a Dual Attention Network (DANet) to adaptively integrate local features with their global dependencies. Specifically, we append two types of attention modules on top of dilated FCN, which model the semantic interdependencies in spatial and channel dimensions respectively. The position attention module selectively aggregates the feature at each position by a weighted sum of the features at all positions. Similar features would be related to each other regardless of their distances. Meanwhile, the channel attention module selectively emphasizes interdependent channel maps by integrating associated features among all channel maps. We sum the outputs of the two attention modules to further improve feature representation which contributes to more precise segmentation results. We achieve new state-of-theart segmentation performance on three challenging scene segmentation datasets, i.e., Cityscapes, PASCAL Context and COCO Stuff dataset. In particular, a Mean IoU score of 81.5% on Cityscapes test set is achieved without using coarse data. 1 .

扩张的卷曲广泛用于深度语义分段模型，因为它们可以扩大过滤器的接收领域而不增加额外的权重，也不牺牲空间分辨率。然而，正如扩张的卷积滤波器在语义上有意义的轮廓上没有关于像素的位置知识，它们可能导致对象边界的模糊预测。另外，虽然扩张过滤器可以扩展其接收领域，但是采样像素的总数保持不变，这通常包括一小部分接收领域的总面积。灵感来自人类视觉系统中的横向抑制（LI）机制，我们提出了具有横向抑制（LI-CONVS）的扩张卷积以克服这些限制。介绍锂机制提高了卷积滤波器对语义对象边界的敏感性。此外，由于LI-DIVS也隐含地考虑从横向禁止的区域中的像素考虑，因此它们还可以以密度刻度提取特征。通过将锂致常规集成到Deeplabv3 +架构中，我们提出了横向抑制的不受欢迎的空间金字塔汇集（Li-Aspp），横向抑制的Mobilenet-V2（Li-MnV2）和横向抑制的Reset（Li-Reset）。在三个基准数据集（Pascal VOC 2012，Celebamask-HQ和Ade20k）的实验结果表明，我们的李氏分割模型越来越突出了所有这些的基线，从而验证了拟议的LI-CONN的有效性和一般性。