生物学以及先进的人工智能(AIS)需要决定追求哪些目标。我们审查大自然的时间分配问题的解决方案,这是基于我们在省略的不断重新调整的分类权重机制作为情绪。人们观察到在系统到期的情况下,可用数量的情绪状态随着动物的认知能力而增加,筹集智力水平需要更大的行为选择。我们体验多种潜在冲突的感情的能力在于这一观点不是更原始的遗产,而是一种归属于在出生时不能指定的行为选项的值的通用机制。在这种观点中,情绪对于了解思想至关重要。为了具体性,我们提出并讨论了一种模仿功能水平情绪的框架。根据通过情绪化的(TAES)的时间分配,情绪被实施为抽象标准,例如满意,挑战和无聊,这有助于评估已经进行的活动。与代理商的“字符”进行比较所产生的经验性情绪,这在情绪状态的首选分布方面定义。通过优化选择各个任务的频率来实现代理的长期目标以使具有字符的经验。优化后,情感经验的统计数据变得静止。
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我们将仔细研究道德,并尝试以可能成为工具的抽象属性的形式提取见解。我们想将道德与游戏联系起来,谈论道德的表现,将好奇心引入竞争和协调良好的伦理学之间的相互作用,并提供可能统一实体汇总的可能发展的看法。所有这些都是由计算复杂性造成的长阴影,这对游戏来说是负面的。该分析是寻找建模方面的第一步,这些方面可能在AI伦理中用于将现代AI系统整合到人类社会中。
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在流行媒体中,人造代理商的意识出现与同时实现人类或超人水平智力的那些相同的代理之间通常存在联系。在这项工作中,我们探讨了意识和智力之间这种看似直观的联系的有效性和潜在应用。我们通过研究与三种当代意识功能理论相关的认知能力:全球工作空间理论(GWT),信息生成理论(IGT)和注意力模式理论(AST)。我们发现,这三种理论都将有意识的功能专门与人类领域将军智力的某些方面联系起来。有了这个见解,我们转向人工智能领域(AI),发现尽管远未证明一般智能,但许多最先进的深度学习方法已经开始纳入三个功能的关键方面理论。确定了这一趋势后,我们以人类心理时间旅行的激励例子来提出方式,其中三种理论中每种理论的见解都可以合并为一个单一的统一和可实施的模型。鉴于三种功能理论中的每一种都可以通过认知能力来实现这一可能,因此,具有精神时间旅行的人造代理不仅具有比当前方法更大的一般智力,而且还与我们当前对意识功能作用的理解更加一致在人类中,这使其成为AI研究的有希望的近期目标。
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Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video games, and board games, achieving performance that equals or even beats humans in some respects. Despite their biological inspiration and performance achievements, these systems differ from human intelligence in crucial ways. We review progress in cognitive science suggesting that truly human-like learning and thinking machines will have to reach beyond current engineering trends in both what they learn, and how they learn it. Specifically, we argue that these machines should (a) build causal models of the world that support explanation and understanding, rather than merely solving pattern recognition problems; (b) ground learning in intuitive theories of physics and psychology, to support and enrich the knowledge that is learned; and (c) harness compositionality and learning-to-learn to rapidly acquire and generalize knowledge to new tasks and situations. We suggest concrete challenges and promising routes towards these goals that can combine the strengths of recent neural network advances with more structured cognitive models.
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Many theories, based on neuroscientific and psychological empirical evidence and on computational concepts, have been elaborated to explain the emergence of consciousness in the central nervous system. These theories propose key fundamental mechanisms to explain consciousness, but they only partially connect such mechanisms to the possible functional and adaptive role of consciousness. Recently, some cognitive and neuroscientific models try to solve this gap by linking consciousness to various aspects of goal-directed behaviour, the pivotal cognitive process that allows mammals to flexibly act in challenging environments. Here we propose the Representation Internal-Manipulation (RIM) theory of consciousness, a theory that links the main elements of consciousness theories to components and functions of goal-directed behaviour, ascribing a central role for consciousness to the goal-directed manipulation of internal representations. This manipulation relies on four specific computational operations to perform the flexible internal adaptation of all key elements of goal-directed computation, from the representations of objects to those of goals, actions, and plans. Finally, we propose the concept of `manipulation agency' relating the sense of agency to the internal manipulation of representations. This allows us to propose that the subjective experience of consciousness is associated to the human capacity to generate and control a simulated internal reality that is vividly perceived and felt through the same perceptual and emotional mechanisms used to tackle the external world.
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事实证明,在学习环境中,社会智能代理(SIA)的部署在不同的应用领域具有多个优势。社会代理创作工具使场景设计师能够创造出对SIAS行为的高度控制的量身定制体验,但是,另一方面,这是有代价的,因为该方案及其创作的复杂性可能变得霸道。在本文中,我们介绍了可解释的社会代理创作工具的概念,目的是分析社会代理的创作工具是否可以理解和解释。为此,我们检查了创作工具Fatima-Toolkit是否可以理解,并且从作者的角度来看,其创作步骤可以解释。我们进行了两项用户研究,以定量评估Fatima-Toolkit的解释性,可理解性和透明度,从场景设计师的角度来看。关键发现之一是,法蒂玛 - 库尔基特(Fatima-Toolkit)的概念模型通常是可以理解的,但是基于情感的概念并不那么容易理解和使用。尽管关于Fatima-Toolkit的解释性有一些积极的方面,但仍需要取得进展,以实现完全可以解释的社会代理商创作工具。我们提供一组关键概念和可能的解决方案,可以指导开发人员构建此类工具。
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\ EMPH {人工智能}(AI)系统越来越多地参与影响我们生活的决策,确保自动决策是公平的,道德已经成为最优先事项。直观地,我们觉得类似人的决定,人工代理人的判断应该必然地以一些道德原则为基础。然而,如果有关决定所基础的所有有关因素的全部信息,可以真正伦理(人类或人为)和公平(根据任何道德理论)和公平(根据公平的任何概念)的规定在决策时。这提出了两个问题:(1)在设置中,我们依赖使用通过监督学习获得的分类器的AI系统,存在一些感应/泛化,即使在学习期间也可能不存在一些相关属性。 (2)根据游戏揭示任何 - 无论是道德的纯策略都不可避免地易于剥削,建模这些决定。此外,在许多游戏中,只能通过使用混合策略来获得纳什均衡,即实现数学上最佳结果,决定必须随机化。在本文中,我们认为,在监督学习设置中,存在至少以及确定性分类器的随机分类器,因此在许多情况下可能是最佳选择。我们支持我们的理论效果,具有一个实证研究,表明对随机人工决策者的积极社会态度,并讨论了与使用与当前的AI政策和标准化举措相关的随机分类器相关的一些政策和实施问题。
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由于需要确保安全可靠的人工智能(AI),因此在过去几年中,机器伦理学受到了越来越多的关注。这两种在机器伦理中使用的主要理论是道义和功利主义伦理。另一方面,美德伦理经常被称为另一种伦理理论。尽管这种有趣的方法比流行的道德理论具有一定的优势,但由于其形式化,编纂和解决道德困境以训练良性剂的挑战,工程人工贤惠的媒介几乎没有努力。我们建议通过使用充满道德困境的角色扮演游戏来弥合这一差距。有几种这样的游戏,例如论文,生活很奇怪,主要角色遇到的情况必须通过放弃对他们所珍视的其他东西来选择正确的行动方案。我们从此类游戏中汲取灵感,以展示如何设计系统的角色扮演游戏来发展人造代理中的美德。使用现代的AI技术,例如基于亲和力的强化学习和可解释的AI,我们激励了扮演这种角色扮演游戏的良性代理,以及通过美德道德镜头对他们的决策进行检查。这种代理和环境的发展是朝着实际上正式化和证明美德伦理在伦理代理发展的价值的第一步。
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关于人类是否有自由的辩论是几个世纪以来的争夺。虽然有良好的论据,基于我们目前对大自然法律的理解,虽然人类不可能自由的意志,但大多数人都相信他们。这种差异乞求解释。如果我们接受我们没有自由的意志,我们面临着两个问题:(1)虽然自由是一个非常常用的概念,每个人都直觉理解,我们实际提到的是,当我们说行动或选择时,我们实际上是什么?免费“或不是?而且,(2)为什么自由的信念会如此共同?这种信念来自哪里,它的目的是什么?在本文中,我们从加强学习(RL)的角度来看这些问题。 RL是最初为培训人工智能代理制定的框架。然而,它也可以用作人为决策和学习的计算模型,并通过这样做,我们建议通过观察人们的常识理解自由来回回答第一问题与信息熵密切相关RL代理的归一化行动值,而第二个可以通过代理人来制定本身的必要性,就像他们在处理时间信用分配问题时所做的那样做出决定。简而言之,我们建议通过将RL框架应用为人类学习的模型,这变得明显,为了让我们有效地学习并聪明,我们需要将自己视为自由意志。
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我们回顾了有关模型的文献,这些文献试图解释具有金钱回报的正常形式游戏所描述的社交互动中的人类行为。我们首先涵盖社会和道德偏好。然后,我们专注于日益增长的研究,表明人们对描述行动的语言做出反应,尤其是在激活道德问题时。最后,我们认为行为经济学正处于向基于语言的偏好转变的范式中,这将需要探索新的模型和实验设置。
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There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.
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最近围绕语言处理模型的复杂性的最新炒作使人们对机器获得了类似人类自然语言的指挥的乐观情绪。人工智能中自然语言理解的领域声称在这一领域取得了长足的进步,但是,在这方面和其他学科中使用“理解”的概念性清晰,使我们很难辨别我们实际上有多近的距离。目前的方法和剩余挑战的全面,跨学科的概述尚待进行。除了语言知识之外,这还需要考虑我们特定于物种的能力,以对,记忆,标签和传达我们(足够相似的)体现和位置经验。此外,测量实际约束需要严格分析当前模型的技术能力,以及对理论可能性和局限性的更深入的哲学反思。在本文中,我将所有这些观点(哲学,认知语言和技术)团结在一起,以揭开达到真实(人类般的)语言理解所涉及的挑战。通过解开当前方法固有的理论假设,我希望说明我们距离实现这一目标的实际程度,如果确实是目标。
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Curiosity for machine agents has been a focus of lively research activity. The study of human and animal curiosity, particularly specific curiosity, has unearthed several properties that would offer important benefits for machine learners, but that have not yet been well-explored in machine intelligence. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive, multidisciplinary survey of the field of animal and machine curiosity. As a principal contribution of this work, we use this survey as a foundation to introduce and define what we consider to be five of the most important properties of specific curiosity: 1) directedness towards inostensible referents, 2) cessation when satisfied, 3) voluntary exposure, 4) transience, and 5) coherent long-term learning. As a second main contribution of this work, we show how these properties may be implemented together in a proof-of-concept reinforcement learning agent: we demonstrate how the properties manifest in the behaviour of this agent in a simple non-episodic grid-world environment that includes curiosity-inducing locations and induced targets of curiosity. As we would hope, our example of a computational specific curiosity agent exhibits short-term directed behaviour while updating long-term preferences to adaptively seek out curiosity-inducing situations. This work, therefore, presents a landmark synthesis and translation of specific curiosity to the domain of machine learning and reinforcement learning and provides a novel view into how specific curiosity operates and in the future might be integrated into the behaviour of goal-seeking, decision-making computational agents in complex environments.
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人工智能(AI)的价值分配问题询问我们如何确保人造系统的“价值”(即,客观函数)与人类的价值一致。在本文中,我认为语言交流(自然语言)是稳健价值对齐的必要条件。我讨论了这一主张的真相对试图确保AI系统价值一致的研究计划所带来的后果;或者,更谨慎地设计强大的有益或道德人造代理。
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即将开发我们呼叫所体现的系统的新一代越来越自主和自学习系统。在将这些系统部署到真实上下文中,我们面临各种工程挑战,因为它以有益的方式协调所体现的系统的行为至关重要,确保他们与我们以人为本的社会价值观的兼容性,并且设计可验证安全可靠的人类-Machine互动。我们正在争辩说,引发系统工程将来自嵌入到体现系统的温室,并确保动态联合的可信度,这种情况意识到的情境意识,意图,探索,探险,不断发展,主要是不可预测的,越来越自主的体现系统在不确定,复杂和不可预测的现实世界环境中。我们还识别了许多迫切性的系统挑战,包括可信赖的体现系统,包括强大而人为的AI,认知架构,不确定性量化,值得信赖的自融化以及持续的分析和保证。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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This white paper lays out a vision of research and development in the field of artificial intelligence for the next decade (and beyond). Its denouement is a cyber-physical ecosystem of natural and synthetic sense-making, in which humans are integral participants$\unicode{x2014}$what we call ''shared intelligence''. This vision is premised on active inference, a formulation of adaptive behavior that can be read as a physics of intelligence, and which inherits from the physics of self-organization. In this context, we understand intelligence as the capacity to accumulate evidence for a generative model of one's sensed world$\unicode{x2014}$also known as self-evidencing. Formally, this corresponds to maximizing (Bayesian) model evidence, via belief updating over several scales: i.e., inference, learning, and model selection. Operationally, this self-evidencing can be realized via (variational) message passing or belief propagation on a factor graph. Crucially, active inference foregrounds an existential imperative of intelligent systems; namely, curiosity or the resolution of uncertainty. This same imperative underwrites belief sharing in ensembles of agents, in which certain aspects (i.e., factors) of each agent's generative world model provide a common ground or frame of reference. Active inference plays a foundational role in this ecology of belief sharing$\unicode{x2014}$leading to a formal account of collective intelligence that rests on shared narratives and goals. We also consider the kinds of communication protocols that must be developed to enable such an ecosystem of intelligences and motivate the development of a shared hyper-spatial modeling language and transaction protocol, as a first$\unicode{x2014}$and key$\unicode{x2014}$step towards such an ecology.
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在过去的几十年中,认知和情感神经科学的研究强调,情感对于人类的智力至关重要,实际上与认知密不可分。同时,对机器人和人造药物中的模拟和建模与情绪相关的过程的兴趣越来越大。在本意见论文中,我们的目标是提供情感建模中当前景观的快照,并展示神经科学如何帮助推动当前的最新技术。我们从研究三个领域的现有文献概述:情感计算,社会机器人技术和神经机构。简要地总结了关于自然情绪的当前知识状态,然后强调了人工情感中现有的建议如何与神经科学证据充分接触。最后,我们提供了一系列原则,以帮助指导未来的人工情感和智能机器的研究。总体而言,我们认为,机器人模型中与情绪相关的过程的更强整合对于未来智能机器中类似人类行为的设计至关重要。这种整合不仅会有助于发展能够解决现实世界问题的自主社会机器的发展,而且有助于促进对人情绪的理解。
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在本文中,我们在人工代理中介绍了活跃的自我的计算建模叙述。特别是,我们专注于代理人如何配备控制意识以及它在自主位于行动中的方式以及反过来,影响行动控制。我们认为这需要铺设一个体现的认知模型,将自下而上的过程(传感器学习和对控制的细粒度适应)与自上而下的过程(战略选择和决策的认知过程)。我们基于预测处理和自由能量最小化的原理提出了这种概念计算架构。使用此常规模型,我们描述了控制层次结构的级别的控制感以及如何支持在不可预测的环境中的动作控制。我们在模型的实施以及模拟任务场景中的第一评估,其中自主代理必须应对不可预测的情况并经历相应的控制感。我们探讨了不同的型号参数设置,导致不同方式结合低电平和高级动作控制。结果表明,在低/高级动作控制需求的情况下适当加权信息的重要性,并且他们证明了控制的感觉如何促进这一点。
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2021年8月,圣达菲研究所举办了一个关于集体智力的研讨会,是智力项目基础的一部分。该项目旨在通过促进智能性质的跨学科研究来推进人工智能领域。该研讨会汇集了计算机科学家,生物学家,哲学家,社会科学家和其他人,以分享他们对多种代理人之间的互动产生的洞察力的见解 - 是否这些代理商是机器,动物或人类。在本报告中,我们总结了每个会谈和随后的讨论。我们还借出了许多关键主题,并确定未来研究的重要前沿。
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