在动态环境中,持续增强学习(CRL)的关键挑战是,随着环境在其生命周期的变化,同时最大程度地减少对学习的信息的灾难性忘记,随着环境在其一生中的变化而变化。为了应对这一挑战,在本文中,我们提出了Dacorl,即动态自动持续RL。 Dacorl使用渐进式上下文化学习了上下文条件条件的策略,该策略会逐步将动态环境中的一系列固定任务群集成一系列上下文,并选择一个可扩展的多头神经网络以近似策略。具体来说,我们定义了一组具有类似动力学的任务,并将上下文推理形式化为在线贝叶斯无限高斯混合物集群的过程,这些过程是在环境特征上,诉诸在线贝叶斯推断,以推断上下文的后端分布。在以前的中国餐厅流程的假设下,该技术可以将当前任务准确地分类为先前看到的上下文,或者根据需要实例化新的上下文,而无需依靠任何外部指标来提前向环境变化发出信号。此外,我们采用了可扩展的多头神经网络,其输出层与新实例化的上下文同步扩展,以及一个知识蒸馏正规化项来保留学习任务的性能。作为一个可以与各种深度RL算法结合使用的一般框架,Dacorl在稳定性,整体性能和概括能力方面具有一致的优势,而不是现有方法,这是通过对几种机器人导航和Mujoco Socomotion任务进行的广泛实验来验证的。
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深度神经网络的强大学习能力使强化学习者能够直接从连续环境中学习有效的控制政策。从理论上讲,为了实现稳定的性能,神经网络假设I.I.D.不幸的是,在训练数据在时间上相关且非平稳的一般强化学习范式中,输入不存在。这个问题可能导致“灾难性干扰”和性能崩溃的现象。在本文中,我们提出智商,即干涉意识深度Q学习,以减轻单任务深度加固学习中的灾难性干扰。具体来说,我们求助于在线聚类,以实现在线上下文部门,以及一个多头网络和一个知识蒸馏正规化术语,用于保留学习上下文的政策。与现有方法相比,智商基于深Q网络,始终如一地提高稳定性和性能,并通过对经典控制和ATARI任务进行了广泛的实验。该代码可在以下网址公开获取:https://github.com/sweety-dm/interference-aware-ware-deep-q-learning。
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A long-standing challenge in artificial intelligence is lifelong learning. In lifelong learning, many tasks are presented in sequence and learners must efficiently transfer knowledge between tasks while avoiding catastrophic forgetting over long lifetimes. On these problems, policy reuse and other multi-policy reinforcement learning techniques can learn many tasks. However, they can generate many temporary or permanent policies, resulting in memory issues. Consequently, there is a need for lifetime-scalable methods that continually refine a policy library of a pre-defined size. This paper presents a first approach to lifetime-scalable policy reuse. To pre-select the number of policies, a notion of task capacity, the maximal number of tasks that a policy can accurately solve, is proposed. To evaluate lifetime policy reuse using this method, two state-of-the-art single-actor base-learners are compared: 1) a value-based reinforcement learner, Deep Q-Network (DQN) or Deep Recurrent Q-Network (DRQN); and 2) an actor-critic reinforcement learner, Proximal Policy Optimisation (PPO) with or without Long Short-Term Memory layer. By selecting the number of policies based on task capacity, D(R)QN achieves near-optimal performance with 6 policies in a 27-task MDP domain and 9 policies in an 18-task POMDP domain; with fewer policies, catastrophic forgetting and negative transfer are observed. Due to slow, monotonic improvement, PPO requires fewer policies, 1 policy for the 27-task domain and 4 policies for the 18-task domain, but it learns the tasks with lower accuracy than D(R)QN. These findings validate lifetime-scalable policy reuse and suggest using D(R)QN for larger and PPO for smaller library sizes.
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我们开发了一种新的持续元学习方法,以解决连续多任务学习中的挑战。在此设置中,代理商的目标是快速通过任何任务序列实现高奖励。先前的Meta-Creenifiltive学习算法已经表现出有希望加速收购新任务的结果。但是,他们需要在培训期间访问所有任务。除了简单地将过去的经验转移到新任务,我们的目标是设计学习学习的持续加强学习算法,使用他们以前任务的经验更快地学习新任务。我们介绍了一种新的方法,连续的元策略搜索(Comps),通过以增量方式,在序列中的每个任务上,通过序列的每个任务来消除此限制,而无需重新访问先前的任务。 Comps持续重复两个子程序:使用RL学习新任务,并使用RL的经验完全离线Meta学习,为后续任务学习做好准备。我们发现,在若干挑战性连续控制任务的旧序列上,Comps优于持续的持续学习和非政策元增强方法。
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AI的一个关键挑战是构建体现的系统,该系统在动态变化的环境中运行。此类系统必须适应更改任务上下文并持续学习。虽然标准的深度学习系统实现了最先进的静态基准的结果,但它们通常在动态方案中挣扎。在这些设置中,来自多个上下文的错误信号可能会彼此干扰,最终导致称为灾难性遗忘的现象。在本文中,我们将生物学启发的架构调查为对这些问题的解决方案。具体而言,我们表明树突和局部抑制系统的生物物理特性使网络能够以特定于上下文的方式动态限制和路由信息。我们的主要贡献如下。首先,我们提出了一种新颖的人工神经网络架构,该架构将活跃的枝形和稀疏表示融入了标准的深度学习框架中。接下来,我们在需要任务的适应性的两个单独的基准上研究这种架构的性能:Meta-World,一个机器人代理必须学习同时解决各种操纵任务的多任务强化学习环境;和一个持续的学习基准,其中模型的预测任务在整个训练中都会发生变化。对两个基准的分析演示了重叠但不同和稀疏的子网的出现,允许系统流动地使用最小的遗忘。我们的神经实现标志在单一架构上第一次在多任务和持续学习设置上取得了竞争力。我们的研究揭示了神经元的生物学特性如何通知深度学习系统,以解决通常不可能对传统ANN来解决的动态情景。
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深度强化学习(DRL)和深度多机构的强化学习(MARL)在包括游戏AI,自动驾驶汽车,机器人技术等各种领域取得了巨大的成功。但是,众所周知,DRL和Deep MARL代理的样本效率低下,即使对于相对简单的问题设置,通常也需要数百万个相互作用,从而阻止了在实地场景中的广泛应用和部署。背后的一个瓶颈挑战是众所周知的探索问题,即如何有效地探索环境和收集信息丰富的经验,从而使政策学习受益于最佳研究。在稀疏的奖励,吵闹的干扰,长距离和非平稳的共同学习者的复杂环境中,这个问题变得更加具有挑战性。在本文中,我们对单格和多代理RL的现有勘探方法进行了全面的调查。我们通过确定有效探索的几个关键挑战开始调查。除了上述两个主要分支外,我们还包括其他具有不同思想和技术的著名探索方法。除了算法分析外,我们还对一组常用基准的DRL进行了全面和统一的经验比较。根据我们的算法和实证研究,我们终于总结了DRL和Deep Marl中探索的公开问题,并指出了一些未来的方向。
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在终生学习中,代理人在整个生命中都在不重复的一生中学习,就像人类一样,在不断变化的环境中。因此,终身学习带来了许多研究问题,例如连续领域的转移,这导致了非平稳的奖励和环境动态。由于其连续的性质,这些非平稳性很难检测和应对。因此,需要探索策略和学习方法,这些方法能够跟踪稳定的领域变化并适应它们。我们提出反应性探索,以跟踪和反应终生增强学习中持续的域转移,并相应地更新策略。为此,我们进行实验以研究不同的勘探策略。我们从经验上表明,政策阶级家族的代表更适合终身学习,因为它们比Q学习更快地适应了分销的变化。因此,政策梯度方法从反应性探索中获利最大,并在终身学习中显示出良好的结果,并进行了持续的领域变化。我们的代码可在以下网址提供:https://github.com/ml-jku/reactive-ecploration。
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Lifelong learning aims to create AI systems that continuously and incrementally learn during a lifetime, similar to biological learning. Attempts so far have met problems, including catastrophic forgetting, interference among tasks, and the inability to exploit previous knowledge. While considerable research has focused on learning multiple input distributions, typically in classification, lifelong reinforcement learning (LRL) must also deal with variations in the state and transition distributions, and in the reward functions. Modulating masks, recently developed for classification, are particularly suitable to deal with such a large spectrum of task variations. In this paper, we adapted modulating masks to work with deep LRL, specifically PPO and IMPALA agents. The comparison with LRL baselines in both discrete and continuous RL tasks shows competitive performance. We further investigated the use of a linear combination of previously learned masks to exploit previous knowledge when learning new tasks: not only is learning faster, the algorithm solves tasks that we could not otherwise solve from scratch due to extremely sparse rewards. The results suggest that RL with modulating masks is a promising approach to lifelong learning, to the composition of knowledge to learn increasingly complex tasks, and to knowledge reuse for efficient and faster learning.
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强化学习和最近的深度增强学习是解决如Markov决策过程建模的顺序决策问题的流行方法。问题和选择算法和超参数的RL建模需要仔细考虑,因为不同的配置可能需要完全不同的性能。这些考虑因素主要是RL专家的任务;然而,RL在研究人员和系统设计师不是RL专家的其他领域中逐渐变得流行。此外,许多建模决策,例如定义状态和动作空间,批次的大小和批量更新的频率以及时间戳的数量通常是手动进行的。由于这些原因,RL框架的自动化不同组成部分具有重要意义,近年来它引起了很多关注。自动RL提供了一个框架,其中RL的不同组件包括MDP建模,算法选择和超参数优化是自动建模和定义的。在本文中,我们探讨了可以在自动化RL中使用的文献和目前的工作。此外,我们讨论了Autorl中的挑战,打开问题和研究方向。
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我们介绍了一项关于在增强学习(RL)方案中使用持续学习(CL)方法的实证研究,据我们所知,该方法以前尚未描述。 CL是一个非常活跃的研究主题,与非平稳数据分布下的机器学习有关。尽管这自然适用于RL,但使用专用CL方法仍然很少见。这可能是由于以下事实:CL方法通常将CL问题分解为固定分布的不结合子任务,即这些子任务的发作是已知的,并且子任务是非矛盾的。在这项研究中,我们对RL问题中选定的CL方法进行了经验比较,在RL问题中,物理模拟的机器人必须按照视力遵循赛马场。为了使CL方法适用,我们限制了RL设置,并引入了已知发作的非冲突子任务,但是,它们并不脱节,并且从学习者的角度来看,其分布仍然非平稳。我们的结果表明,与“经验重播”的基线技术相比,专用的CL方法可以显着改善学习。
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Adequately assigning credit to actions for future outcomes based on their contributions is a long-standing open challenge in Reinforcement Learning. The assumptions of the most commonly used credit assignment method are disadvantageous in tasks where the effects of decisions are not immediately evident. Furthermore, this method can only evaluate actions that have been selected by the agent, making it highly inefficient. Still, no alternative methods have been widely adopted in the field. Hindsight Credit Assignment is a promising, but still unexplored candidate, which aims to solve the problems of both long-term and counterfactual credit assignment. In this thesis, we empirically investigate Hindsight Credit Assignment to identify its main benefits, and key points to improve. Then, we apply it to factored state representations, and in particular to state representations based on the causal structure of the environment. In this setting, we propose a variant of Hindsight Credit Assignment that effectively exploits a given causal structure. We show that our modification greatly decreases the workload of Hindsight Credit Assignment, making it more efficient and enabling it to outperform the baseline credit assignment method on various tasks. This opens the way to other methods based on given or learned causal structures.
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Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
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强化学习(RL)通过与环境相互作用的试验过程解决顺序决策问题。尽管RL在玩复杂的视频游戏方面取得了巨大的成功,但在现实世界中,犯错误总是不希望的。为了提高样本效率并从而降低错误,据信基于模型的增强学习(MBRL)是一个有前途的方向,它建立了环境模型,在该模型中可以进行反复试验,而无需实际成本。在这项调查中,我们对MBRL进行了审查,重点是Deep RL的最新进展。对于非壮观环境,学到的环境模型与真实环境之间始终存在概括性错误。因此,非常重要的是分析环境模型中的政策培训与实际环境中的差异,这反过来又指导了更好的模型学习,模型使用和政策培训的算法设计。此外,我们还讨论了其他形式的RL,包括离线RL,目标条件RL,多代理RL和Meta-RL的最新进展。此外,我们讨论了MBRL在现实世界任务中的适用性和优势。最后,我们通过讨论MBRL未来发展的前景来结束这项调查。我们认为,MBRL在被忽略的现实应用程序中具有巨大的潜力和优势,我们希望这项调查能够吸引更多关于MBRL的研究。
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值得信赖的强化学习算法应有能力解决挑战性的现实问题,包括{Robustly}处理不确定性,满足{安全}的限制以避免灾难性的失败,以及在部署过程中{prencepentiming}以避免灾难性的失败}。这项研究旨在概述这些可信赖的强化学习的主要观点,即考虑其在鲁棒性,安全性和概括性上的内在脆弱性。特别是,我们给出严格的表述,对相应的方法进行分类,并讨论每个观点的基准。此外,我们提供了一个前景部分,以刺激有希望的未来方向,并简要讨论考虑人类反馈的外部漏洞。我们希望这项调查可以在统一的框架中将单独的研究汇合在一起,并促进强化学习的可信度。
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Progress in continual reinforcement learning has been limited due to several barriers to entry: missing code, high compute requirements, and a lack of suitable benchmarks. In this work, we present CORA, a platform for Continual Reinforcement Learning Agents that provides benchmarks, baselines, and metrics in a single code package. The benchmarks we provide are designed to evaluate different aspects of the continual RL challenge, such as catastrophic forgetting, plasticity, ability to generalize, and sample-efficient learning. Three of the benchmarks utilize video game environments (Atari, Procgen, NetHack). The fourth benchmark, CHORES, consists of four different task sequences in a visually realistic home simulator, drawn from a diverse set of task and scene parameters. To compare continual RL methods on these benchmarks, we prepare three metrics in CORA: Continual Evaluation, Isolated Forgetting, and Zero-Shot Forward Transfer. Finally, CORA includes a set of performant, open-source baselines of existing algorithms for researchers to use and expand on. We release CORA and hope that the continual RL community can benefit from our contributions, to accelerate the development of new continual RL algorithms.
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持续学习(CL,有时也称为增量学习)是机器学习的一种味道,在该口味中,通常会放松或省略固定数据分布的通常假设。当天然应用时,例如CL问题中的DNNS时,数据分布的变化会导致所谓的灾难性遗忘(CF)效应:突然丧失了先前的知识。尽管近年来已经为启用CL做出了许多重大贡献,但大多数作品都解决了受监督的(分类)问题。本文回顾了在其他环境中研究CL的文献,例如通过减少监督,完全无监督的学习和强化学习的学习。除了提出一个简单的模式用于分类CL方法W.R.T.他们的自主权和监督水平,我们讨论了与每种设置相关的具体挑战以及对CL领域的潜在贡献。
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由于数据量增加,金融业的快速变化已经彻底改变了数据处理和数据分析的技术,并带来了新的理论和计算挑战。与古典随机控制理论和解决财务决策问题的其他分析方法相比,解决模型假设的财务决策问题,强化学习(RL)的新发展能够充分利用具有更少模型假设的大量财务数据并改善复杂的金融环境中的决策。该调查纸目的旨在审查最近的资金途径的发展和使用RL方法。我们介绍了马尔可夫决策过程,这是许多常用的RL方法的设置。然后引入各种算法,重点介绍不需要任何模型假设的基于价值和基于策略的方法。连接是用神经网络进行的,以扩展框架以包含深的RL算法。我们的调查通过讨论了这些RL算法在金融中各种决策问题中的应用,包括最佳执行,投资组合优化,期权定价和对冲,市场制作,智能订单路由和Robo-Awaring。
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人类的持续学习(CL)能力与稳定性与可塑性困境密切相关,描述了人类如何实现持续的学习能力和保存的学习信息。自发育以来,CL的概念始终存在于人工智能(AI)中。本文提出了对CL的全面审查。与之前的评论不同,主要关注CL中的灾难性遗忘现象,本文根据稳定性与可塑性机制的宏观视角来调查CL。类似于生物对应物,“智能”AI代理商应该是I)记住以前学到的信息(信息回流); ii)不断推断新信息(信息浏览:); iii)转移有用的信息(信息转移),以实现高级CL。根据分类学,评估度量,算法,应用以及一些打开问题。我们的主要贡献涉及I)从人工综合情报层面重新检查CL; ii)在CL主题提供详细和广泛的概述; iii)提出一些关于CL潜在发展的新颖思路。
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With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.
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We introduce a conceptually simple and scalable framework for continual learning domains where tasks are learned sequentially. Our method is constant in the number of parameters and is designed to preserve performance on previously encountered tasks while accelerating learning progress on subsequent problems. This is achieved by training a network with two components: A knowledge base, capable of solving previously encountered problems, which is connected to an active column that is employed to efficiently learn the current task. After learning a new task, the active column is distilled into the knowledge base, taking care to protect any previously acquired skills. This cycle of active learning (progression) followed by consolidation (compression) requires no architecture growth, no access to or storing of previous data or tasks, and no task-specific parameters. We demonstrate the progress & compress approach on sequential classification of handwritten alphabets as well as two reinforcement learning domains: Atari games and 3D maze navigation.
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