潜水员在NERF的关键思想和其变体 - 密度模型和体积渲染的关键思想中建立 - 学习可以从少量图像实际渲染的3D对象模型。与所有先前的NERF方法相比，潜水员使用确定性而不是体积渲染积分的随机估计。潜水员的表示是基于体素的功能领域。为了计算卷渲染积分，将光线分为间隔，每个体素;使用MLP的每个间隔的特征估计体渲染积分的组件，并且组件聚合。结果，潜水员可以呈现其他集成商错过的薄半透明结构。此外，潜水员的表示与其他这样的方法相比相对暴露的语义 - 在体素空间中的运动特征向量导致自然编辑。对当前最先进的方法的广泛定性和定量比较表明，潜水员产生（1）在最先进的质量或高于最先进的质量，（2）的情况下非常小而不会被烘烤，（3）在不被烘烤的情况下渲染非常快，并且（4）可以以自然方式编辑。

We introduce a method to render Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) in real time using PlenOctrees, an octree-based 3D representation which supports view-dependent effects. Our method can render 800×800 images at more than 150 FPS, which is over 3000 times faster than conventional NeRFs. We do so without sacrificing quality while preserving the ability of NeRFs to perform free-viewpoint rendering of scenes with arbitrary geometry and view-dependent effects. Real-time performance is achieved by pre-tabulating the NeRF into a PlenOctree. In order to preserve viewdependent effects such as specularities, we factorize the appearance via closed-form spherical basis functions. Specifically, we show that it is possible to train NeRFs to predict a spherical harmonic representation of radiance, removing the viewing direction as an input to the neural network. Furthermore, we show that PlenOctrees can be directly optimized to further minimize the reconstruction loss, which leads to equal or better quality compared to competing methods. Moreover, this octree optimization step can be used to reduce the training time, as we no longer need to wait for the NeRF training to converge fully. Our real-time neural rendering approach may potentially enable new applications such as 6-DOF industrial and product visualizations, as well as next generation AR/VR systems. PlenOctrees are amenable to in-browser rendering as well; please visit the project page for the interactive online demo, as well as video and code: https://alexyu. net/plenoctrees.

Photo-realistic free-viewpoint rendering of real-world scenes using classical computer graphics techniques is challenging, because it requires the difficult step of capturing detailed appearance and geometry models. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results by learning scene representations that implicitly encode both geometry and appearance without 3D supervision. However, existing approaches in practice often show blurry renderings caused by the limited network capacity or the difficulty in finding accurate intersections of camera rays with the scene geometry. Synthesizing high-resolution imagery from these representations often requires time-consuming optical ray marching. In this work, we introduce Neural Sparse Voxel Fields (NSVF), a new neural scene representation for fast and high-quality free-viewpoint rendering. NSVF defines a set of voxel-bounded implicit fields organized in a sparse voxel octree to model local properties in each cell. We progressively learn the underlying voxel structures with a diffentiable ray-marching operation from only a set of posed RGB images. With the sparse voxel octree structure, rendering novel views can be accelerated by skipping the voxels containing no relevant scene content. Our method is typically over 10 times faster than the state-of-the-art (namely, NeRF (Mildenhall et al., 2020)) at inference time while achieving higher quality results. Furthermore, by utilizing an explicit sparse voxel representation, our method can easily be applied to scene editing and scene composition. We also demonstrate several challenging tasks, including multi-scene learning, free-viewpoint rendering of a moving human, and large-scale scene rendering. Code and data are available at our website: https://github.com/facebookresearch/NSVF.

我们介绍了Plenoxels（plenoptic voxels），是一种光电型观测合成系统。Plenoxels表示作为具有球形谐波的稀疏3D网格的场景。该表示可以通过梯度方法和正则化从校准图像进行优化，而没有任何神经元件。在标准，基准任务中，Plenoxels优化了比神经辐射场更快的两个数量级，无需视觉质量损失。

神经辐射场（NERFS）表现出惊人的能力，可以从新颖的观点中综合3D场景的图像。但是，他们依赖于基于射线行进的专门体积渲染算法，这些算法与广泛部署的图形硬件的功能不匹配。本文介绍了基于纹理多边形的新的NERF表示形式，该表示可以有效地与标准渲染管道合成新型图像。 NERF表示为一组多边形，其纹理代表二进制不相处和特征向量。用Z-Buffer对多边形的传统渲染产生了每个像素的图像，该图像由在片段着色器中运行的小型，观点依赖的MLP来解释，以产生最终的像素颜色。这种方法使NERF可以使用传统的Polygon栅格化管道渲染，该管道提供了庞大的像素级并行性，从而在包括移动电话在内的各种计算平台上实现了交互式帧速率。

神经辐射场（NERF）在代表3D场景和合成新颖视图中示出了很大的潜力，但是在推理阶段的NERF的计算开销仍然很重。为了减轻负担，我们进入了NERF的粗细分，分层采样过程，并指出粗阶段可以被我们命名神经样本场的轻量级模块代替。所提出的示例场地图光线进入样本分布，可以将其转换为点坐标并进料到radiance字段以进行体积渲染。整体框架被命名为Neusample。我们在现实合成360 $ ^ {\ circ} $和真正的前瞻性，两个流行的3D场景集上进行实验，并表明Neusample在享受更快推理速度时比NERF实现更好的渲染质量。Neusample进一步压缩，以提出的样品场提取方法朝向质量和速度之间的更好的权衡。

神经辐射场（NERFS）产生最先进的视图合成结果。然而，它们慢渲染，需要每像素数百个网络评估，以近似卷渲染积分。将nerfs烘烤到明确的数据结构中实现了有效的渲染，但导致内存占地面积的大幅增加，并且在许多情况下，质量降低。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的神经光场表示，相反，相反，紧凑，直接预测沿线的集成光线。我们的方法支持使用每个像素的单个网络评估，用于小基线光场数据集，也可以应用于每个像素的几个评估的较大基线。在我们的方法的核心，是一个光线空间嵌入网络，将4D射线空间歧管映射到中间可间可动子的潜在空间中。我们的方法在诸如斯坦福光场数据集等密集的前置数据集中实现了最先进的质量。此外，对于带有稀疏输入的面对面的场景，我们可以在质量方面实现对基于NERF的方法具有竞争力的结果，同时提供更好的速度/质量/内存权衡，网络评估较少。

我们介绍了一种超快速的收敛方法来重建从一组图像中捕获具有已知姿势的场景的图像的每场辐射场。该任务通常适用于新颖的视图综合，最近是由神经辐射领域（NERF）彻底改革为其最先进的质量和灵活性。然而，NERF及其变体需要漫长的训练时间来为单个场景的数小时到几天。相比之下，我们的方法实现了NERF相当的质量，并通过单个GPU在不到15分钟内从划痕中迅速收敛。我们采用由密度体素网格组成的表示，用于场景几何形状和具有浅网络的特征体素网格，用于复杂的视图依赖性外观。用明确和离散化卷表示的建模并不是新的，但我们提出了两种简单而非琐碎的技术，有助于快速收敛速度和高质量的输出。首先，我们介绍了体素密度的激活后插值，其能够以较低的网格分辨率产生尖锐的表面。其次，直接体素密度优化容易发生次优几何解决方案，因此我们通过施加多个前沿来强制优化过程。最后，对五个内向的基准评估表明，我们的方法匹配，如果没有超越Nerf的质量，但它只需15分钟即可从头开始训练新场景。

We present a method that achieves state-of-the-art results for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes by optimizing an underlying continuous volumetric scene function using a sparse set of input views. Our algorithm represents a scene using a fully-connected (nonconvolutional) deep network, whose input is a single continuous 5D coordinate (spatial location (x, y, z) and viewing direction (θ, φ)) and whose output is the volume density and view-dependent emitted radiance at that spatial location. We synthesize views by querying 5D coordinates along camera rays and use classic volume rendering techniques to project the output colors and densities into an image. Because volume rendering is naturally differentiable, the only input required to optimize our representation is a set of images with known camera poses. We describe how to effectively optimize neural radiance fields to render photorealistic novel views of scenes with complicated geometry and appearance, and demonstrate results that outperform prior work on neural rendering and view synthesis. View synthesis results are best viewed as videos, so we urge readers to view our supplementary video for convincing comparisons.

神经辐射场（NERF）最近在新型视图合成中取得了令人印象深刻的结果。但是，以前的NERF作品主要关注以对象为中心的方案。在这项工作中，我们提出了360ROAM，这是一种新颖的场景级NERF系统，可以实时合成大型室内场景的图像并支持VR漫游。我们的系统首先从多个输入$ 360^\ circ $图像构建全向神经辐射场360NERF。然后，我们逐步估算一个3D概率的占用图，该概率占用图代表了空间密度形式的场景几何形状。跳过空的空间和上采样占据的体素本质上可以使我们通过以几何学意识的方式使用360NERF加速量渲染。此外，我们使用自适应划分和扭曲策略来减少和调整辐射场，以进一步改进。从占用地图中提取的场景的平面图可以为射线采样提供指导，并促进现实的漫游体验。为了显示我们系统的功效，我们在各种场景中收集了$ 360^\ Circ $图像数据集并进行广泛的实验。基线之间的定量和定性比较说明了我们在复杂室内场景的新型视图合成中的主要表现。

NeRF synthesizes novel views of a scene with unprecedented quality by fitting a neural radiance field to RGB images. However, NeRF requires querying a deep Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) millions of times, leading to slow rendering times, even on modern GPUs. In this paper, we demonstrate that real-time rendering is possible by utilizing thousands of tiny MLPs instead of one single large MLP. In our setting, each individual MLP only needs to represent parts of the scene, thus smaller and faster-to-evaluate MLPs can be used. By combining this divide-and-conquer strategy with further optimizations, rendering is accelerated by three orders of magnitude compared to the original NeRF model without incurring high storage costs. Further, using teacher-student distillation for training, we show that this speed-up can be achieved without sacrificing visual quality.

We present a method that synthesizes novel views of complex scenes by interpolating a sparse set of nearby views. The core of our method is a network architecture that includes a multilayer perceptron and a ray transformer that estimates radiance and volume density at continuous 5D locations (3D spatial locations and 2D viewing directions), drawing appearance information on the fly from multiple source views. By drawing on source views at render time, our method hearkens back to classic work on image-based rendering (IBR), and allows us to render high-resolution imagery. Unlike neural scene representation work that optimizes per-scene functions for rendering, we learn a generic view interpolation function that generalizes to novel scenes. We render images using classic volume rendering, which is fully differentiable and allows us to train using only multiview posed images as supervision. Experiments show that our method outperforms recent novel view synthesis methods that also seek to generalize to novel scenes. Further, if fine-tuned on each scene, our method is competitive with state-of-the-art single-scene neural rendering methods. 1

神经辐射场（NERF）是数据驱动3D重建中的流行方法。鉴于其简单性和高质量的渲染，正在开发许多NERF应用程序。但是，NERF的大量的速度很大。许多尝试如何加速NERF培训和推理，包括复杂的代码级优化和缓存，使用复杂的数据结构以及通过多任务和元学习的摊销。在这项工作中，我们通过NERF之前通过经典技术镜头重新审视NERF的基本构建块。我们提出了Voxel-Accelated Nerf（VaxnerF），与Visual Hull集成了Nerf，一种经典的3D重建技术，只需要每张图像的二进制前景背景像素标签。可视船体，可在大约10秒内优化，可以提供粗略的现场分离，以省略NERF中的大量网络评估。我们在流行的JAXNERF Codebase提供了一个干净的全力验光，基于JAX的实现，其仅包括大约30行的代码更改和模块化视觉船体子程序，并在高度表现的JAXNERF之上实现了大约2-8倍的速度学习基线具有零劣化呈现质量。具有足够的计算，这有效地将单位训练从小时到30分钟缩小到30分钟。我们希望VAXNERF - 一种仔细组合具有深入方法的经典技术（可谓更换它） - 可以赋予并加速新的NERF扩展和应用，以其简单，可移植性和可靠的性能收益。代码在https://github.com/naruya/vaxnerf提供。

最近，神经辐射场（NERF）正在彻底改变新型视图合成（NVS）的卓越性能。但是，NERF及其变体通常需要进行冗长的每场训练程序，其中将多层感知器（MLP）拟合到捕获的图像中。为了解决挑战，已经提出了体素网格表示，以显着加快训练的速度。但是，这些现有方法只能处理静态场景。如何开发有效，准确的动态视图合成方法仍然是一个开放的问题。将静态场景的方法扩展到动态场景并不简单，因为场景几何形状和外观随时间变化。在本文中，基于素素网格优化的最新进展，我们提出了一种快速变形的辐射场方法来处理动态场景。我们的方法由两个模块组成。第一个模块采用变形网格来存储3D动态功能，以及使用插值功能将观测空间中的3D点映射到规范空间的变形的轻巧MLP。第二个模块包含密度和颜色网格，以建模场景的几何形状和密度。明确对阻塞进行了建模，以进一步提高渲染质量。实验结果表明，我们的方法仅使用20分钟的训练就可以实现与D-NERF相当的性能，该训练比D-NERF快70倍以上，这清楚地证明了我们提出的方法的效率。

神经场景表示，例如神经辐射场（NERF），基于训练多层感知器（MLP），使用一组具有已知姿势的彩色图像。现在，越来越多的设备产生RGB-D（颜色 +深度）信息，这对于各种任务非常重要。因此，本文的目的是通过将深度信息与颜色图像结合在一起，研究这些有希望的隐式表示可以进行哪些改进。特别是，最近建议的MIP-NERF方法使用圆锥形的圆丝而不是射线进行音量渲染，它使人们可以考虑具有距离距离摄像头中心距离的像素的不同区域。所提出的方法还模拟了深度不确定性。这允许解决基于NERF的方法的主要局限性，包括提高几何形状的准确性，减少伪像，更快的训练时间和缩短预测时间。实验是在众所周知的基准场景上进行的，并且比较在场景几何形状和光度重建中的准确性提高，同时将训练时间减少了3-5次。

虚拟内容创建和互动在现代3D应用中起着重要作用，例如AR和VR。从真实场景中恢复详细的3D模型可以显着扩大其应用程序的范围，并在计算机视觉和计算机图形社区中进行了数十年的研究。我们提出了基于体素的隐式表面表示Vox-Surf。我们的Vox-Surf将空间分为有限的体素。每个体素将几何形状和外观信息存储在其角顶点。 Vox-Surf得益于从体素表示继承的稀疏性，几乎适用于任何情况，并且可以轻松地从多个视图图像中训练。我们利用渐进式训练程序逐渐提取重要体素，以进一步优化，以便仅保留有效的体素，从而大大减少了采样点的数量并增加了渲染速度。细素还可以视为碰撞检测的边界量。该实验表明，与其他方法相比，Vox-Surf表示可以学习精致的表面细节和准确的颜色，并以更少的记忆力和更快的渲染速度来学习。我们还表明，Vox-Surf在场景编辑和AR应用中可能更实用。

神经辐射场（NERF）在建模3D场景和合成新型视图图像方面取得了巨大成功。但是，大多数以前的NERF方法需要大量时间来优化一个场景。显式数据结构，例如体素特征，显示出加速训练过程的巨大潜力。但是，体素特征面临两个大挑战，要应用于动态场景，即建模时间信息并捕获不同的点运动尺度。我们通过用时间感知的体素特征（称为Tineuvox）表示场景来提出一个辐射现场框架。引入了一个微小的坐标变形网络，以模拟粗糙运动轨迹，并在辐射网络中进一步增强了时间信息。提出了一种多距离插值方法，并应用于体素特征，以模拟小运动和大型运动。我们的框架大大加快了动态光芒度场的优化，同时保持高渲染质量。经验评估均在合成场景和真实场景上进行。我们的Tineuvox仅需8分钟和8 MB的存储成本即可完成培训，同时表现出比以前的动态NERF方法相似甚至更好的渲染性能。

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) have demonstrated superior novel view synthesis performance but are slow at rendering. To speed up the volume rendering process, many acceleration methods have been proposed at the cost of large memory consumption. To push the frontier of the efficiency-memory trade-off, we explore a new perspective to accelerate NeRF rendering, leveraging a key fact that the viewpoint change is usually smooth and continuous in interactive viewpoint control. This allows us to leverage the information of preceding viewpoints to reduce the number of rendered pixels as well as the number of sampled points along the ray of the remaining pixels. In our pipeline, a low-resolution feature map is rendered first by volume rendering, then a lightweight 2D neural renderer is applied to generate the output image at target resolution leveraging the features of preceding and current frames. We show that the proposed method can achieve competitive rendering quality while reducing the rendering time with little memory overhead, enabling 30FPS at 1080P image resolution with a low memory footprint.

The rendering procedure used by neural radiance fields (NeRF) samples a scene with a single ray per pixel and may therefore produce renderings that are excessively blurred or aliased when training or testing images observe scene content at different resolutions. The straightforward solution of supersampling by rendering with multiple rays per pixel is impractical for NeRF, because rendering each ray requires querying a multilayer perceptron hundreds of times. Our solution, which we call "mip-NeRF" (à la "mipmap"), extends NeRF to represent the scene at a continuously-valued scale. By efficiently rendering anti-aliased conical frustums instead of rays, mip-NeRF reduces objectionable aliasing artifacts and significantly improves NeRF's ability to represent fine details, while also being 7% faster than NeRF and half the size. Compared to NeRF, mip-NeRF reduces average error rates by 17% on the dataset presented with NeRF and by 60% on a challenging multiscale variant of that dataset that we present. Mip-NeRF is also able to match the accuracy of a brute-force supersampled NeRF on our multiscale dataset while being 22× faster.

Volumetric neural rendering methods like NeRF generate high-quality view synthesis results but are optimized per-scene leading to prohibitive reconstruction time. On the other hand, deep multi-view stereo methods can quickly reconstruct scene geometry via direct network inference. Point-NeRF combines the advantages of these two approaches by using neural 3D point clouds, with associated neural features, to model a radiance field. Point-NeRF can be rendered efficiently by aggregating neural point features near scene surfaces, in a ray marching-based rendering pipeline. Moreover, Point-NeRF can be initialized via direct inference of a pre-trained deep network to produce a neural point cloud; this point cloud can be finetuned to surpass the visual quality of NeRF with 30X faster training time. Point-NeRF can be combined with other 3D reconstruction methods and handles the errors and outliers in such methods via a novel pruning and growing mechanism. The experiments on the DTU, the NeRF Synthetics , the ScanNet and the Tanks and Temples datasets demonstrate Point-NeRF can surpass the existing methods and achieve the state-of-the-art results.