Jaccard索引,也称为交叉联盟(iou),是图像语义分段中最关键的评估度量之一。然而,由于学习目的既不可分解也不是可分解的,则iou得分的直接优化是非常困难的。虽然已经提出了一些算法来优化其代理,但没有提供泛化能力的保证。在本文中,我们提出了一种边缘校准方法,可以直接用作学习目标,在数据分布上改善IOO的推广,通过刚性下限为基础。本方案理论上,根据IOU分数来确保更好的分割性能。我们评估了在七个图像数据集中所提出的边缘校准方法的有效性,显示使用深度分割模型的其他学习目标的IOU分数大量改进。
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The Jaccard index, also referred to as the intersectionover-union score, is commonly employed in the evaluation of image segmentation results given its perceptual qualities, scale invariance -which lends appropriate relevance to small objects, and appropriate counting of false negatives, in comparison to per-pixel losses. We present a method for direct optimization of the mean intersection-over-union loss in neural networks, in the context of semantic image segmentation, based on the convex Lovász extension of submodular losses. The loss is shown to perform better with respect to the Jaccard index measure than the traditionally used cross-entropy loss. We show quantitative and qualitative differences between optimizing the Jaccard index per image versus optimizing the Jaccard index taken over an entire dataset. We evaluate the impact of our method in a semantic segmentation pipeline and show substantially improved intersection-over-union segmentation scores on the Pascal VOC and Cityscapes datasets using state-of-the-art deep learning segmentation architectures.
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图像中的场景细分是视觉内容理解中的一个基本而又具有挑战性的问题,即学习一个模型,将每个图像像素分配给分类标签。这项学习任务的挑战之一是考虑空间和语义关系以获得描述性特征表示,因此从多个量表中学习特征图是场景细分中的一种常见实践。在本文中,我们探讨了在多尺度图像窗口中自我发挥的有效使用来学习描述性视觉特征,然后提出三种不同的策略来汇总这些特征图以解码特征表示形式以进行密集的预测。我们的设计基于最近提出的SWIN Transformer模型,该模型完全放弃了卷积操作。借助简单而有效的多尺度功能学习和聚合,我们的模型在四个公共场景细分数据集,Pascal VOC2012,Coco-STUFF 10K,ADE20K和CITYSCAPES上实现了非常有希望的性能。
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语义分割是图像的像素明智标记。由于在像素级别定义了问题,因此确定图像类标签是不可接受的,而是在原始图像像素分辨率下本地化它们是必要的。通过卷积神经网络(CNN)在创建语义,高级和分层图像特征方面的非凡能力推动;在过去十年中提出了几种基于深入的学习的2D语义分割方法。在本调查中,我们主要关注最近的语义细分科学发展,特别是在使用2D图像的基于深度学习的方法。我们开始分析了对2D语义分割的公共图像集和排行榜,概述了性能评估中使用的技术。在研究现场的演变时,我们按时间顺序分类为三个主要时期,即预先和早期的深度学习时代,完全卷积的时代和后FCN时代。我们在技术上分析了解决领域的基本问题的解决方案,例如细粒度的本地化和规模不变性。在借阅我们的结论之前,我们提出了一张来自所有提到的时代的方法表,每个方法都概述了他们对该领域的贡献。我们通过讨论现场当前的挑战以及他们已经解决的程度来结束调查。
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Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.
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细分已成为计算机视觉和自然语言处理的基本领域,该领域将标签分配给每个像素/功能,以从图像/文本中提取感兴趣的区域。为了评估分割的性能,骰子和IOU指标用于衡量地面真理与预测分割之间的重叠程度。在本文中,我们建立了关于骰子/IOU指标的分割理论基础,包括贝叶斯规则和骰子/iou校准,类似于分类 - 校准或分类中的Fisher一致性。我们证明,与骰子/IOU指标相对于大多数操作损失的现有基于阈值的框架不一致,因此可能导致次优的解决方案。为了解决这一陷阱,我们提出了一个基于排名的一致框架,即rankdice/rankiou,灵感来自贝叶斯细分规则的插件规则。开发了三种具有GPU并行执行的数值算法,以在大规模和高维分段中实现所提出的框架。我们研究所提出的框架的统计特性。我们表明它是骰子 - 校准的,它的多余风险范围和收敛速度也提供了。在各种模拟示例,精细的城市景观和带有最先进的深度学习体系结构的Pascal VOC数据集中,证明了Rankdice/Mrankdice的数值有效性。
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共同出现的视觉模式使上下文聚集成为语义分割的重要范式。现有的研究重点是建模图像中的上下文,同时忽略图像以下相应类别的有价值的语义。为此,我们提出了一个新颖的软采矿上下文信息,超出了名为McIbi ++的图像范式,以进一步提高像素级表示。具体来说,我们首先设置了动态更新的内存模块,以存储各种类别的数据集级别的分布信息,然后利用信息在网络转发过程中产生数据集级别类别表示。之后,我们为每个像素表示形式生成一个类概率分布,并以类概率分布作为权重进行数据集级上下文聚合。最后,使用汇总的数据集级别和传统的图像级上下文信息来增强原始像素表示。此外,在推论阶段,我们还设计了一种粗到最新的迭代推理策略,以进一步提高分割结果。 MCIBI ++可以轻松地纳入现有的分割框架中,并带来一致的性能改进。此外,MCIBI ++可以扩展到视频语义分割框架中,比基线进行了大量改进。配备MCIBI ++,我们在七个具有挑战性的图像或视频语义分段基准测试中实现了最先进的性能。
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Recent studies have revealed that, beyond conventional accuracy, calibration should also be considered for training modern deep neural networks. To address miscalibration during learning, some methods have explored different penalty functions as part of the learning objective, alongside a standard classification loss, with a hyper-parameter controlling the relative contribution of each term. Nevertheless, these methods share two major drawbacks: 1) the scalar balancing weight is the same for all classes, hindering the ability to address different intrinsic difficulties or imbalance among classes; and 2) the balancing weight is usually fixed without an adaptive strategy, which may prevent from reaching the best compromise between accuracy and calibration, and requires hyper-parameter search for each application. We propose Class Adaptive Label Smoothing (CALS) for calibrating deep networks, which allows to learn class-wise multipliers during training, yielding a powerful alternative to common label smoothing penalties. Our method builds on a general Augmented Lagrangian approach, a well-established technique in constrained optimization, but we introduce several modifications to tailor it for large-scale, class-adaptive training. Comprehensive evaluation and multiple comparisons on a variety of benchmarks, including standard and long-tailed image classification, semantic segmentation, and text classification, demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. The code is available at https://github.com/by-liu/CALS.
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In this paper, we propose a unified panoptic segmentation network (UPSNet) for tackling the newly proposed panoptic segmentation task. On top of a single backbone residual network, we first design a deformable convolution based semantic segmentation head and a Mask R-CNN style instance segmentation head which solve these two subtasks simultaneously. More importantly, we introduce a parameter-free panoptic head which solves the panoptic segmentation via pixel-wise classification. It first leverages the logits from the previous two heads and then innovatively expands the representation for enabling prediction of an extra unknown class which helps better resolve the conflicts between semantic and instance segmentation. Additionally, it handles the challenge caused by the varying number of instances and permits back propagation to the bottom modules in an end-to-end manner. Extensive experimental results on Cityscapes, COCO and our internal dataset demonstrate that our UPSNet achieves stateof-the-art performance with much faster inference. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/ uber-research/UPSNet. * Equal contribution.† This work was done when Hengshuang Zhao was an intern at Uber ATG.
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Scene parsing is challenging for unrestricted open vocabulary and diverse scenes. In this paper, we exploit the capability of global context information by different-regionbased context aggregation through our pyramid pooling module together with the proposed pyramid scene parsing network (PSPNet). Our global prior representation is effective to produce good quality results on the scene parsing task, while PSPNet provides a superior framework for pixellevel prediction. The proposed approach achieves state-ofthe-art performance on various datasets. It came first in Im-ageNet scene parsing challenge 2016, PASCAL VOC 2012 benchmark and Cityscapes benchmark. A single PSPNet yields the new record of mIoU accuracy 85.4% on PASCAL VOC 2012 and accuracy 80.2% on Cityscapes.
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视频分析的图像分割在不同的研究领域起着重要作用,例如智能城市,医疗保健,计算机视觉和地球科学以及遥感应用。在这方面,最近致力于发展新的细分策略;最新的杰出成就之一是Panoptic细分。后者是由语义和实例分割的融合引起的。明确地,目前正在研究Panoptic细分,以帮助获得更多对视频监控,人群计数,自主驾驶,医学图像分析的图像场景的更细致的知识,以及一般对场景更深入的了解。为此,我们介绍了本文的首次全面审查现有的Panoptic分段方法,以获得作者的知识。因此,基于所采用的算法,应用场景和主要目标的性质,执行现有的Panoptic技术的明确定义分类。此外,讨论了使用伪标签注释新数据集的Panoptic分割。继续前进,进行消融研究,以了解不同观点的Panoptic方法。此外,讨论了适合于Panoptic分割的评估度量,并提供了现有解决方案性能的比较,以告知最先进的并识别其局限性和优势。最后,目前对主题技术面临的挑战和吸引不久的将来吸引相当兴趣的未来趋势,可以成为即将到来的研究研究的起点。提供代码的文件可用于:https://github.com/elharroussomar/awesome-panoptic-egation
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虽然微调预训练的网络已成为训练图像分割模型的流行方式,但这种用于图像分割的骨干网络经常使用图像分类源数据集(例如ImageNet)进行预训练。尽管图像分类数据集可以为骨干网络提供丰富的视觉特征和歧视能力,但它们无法以端到端的方式完全预训练目标模型(即骨干+分割模块)。由于分类数据集中缺乏分割标签,因此在微调过程中进行分割模块在微调过程中随机初始化。在我们的工作中,我们提出了一种利用伪语义分割标签(PSSL)的方法,以启用基于分类数据集的图像分割模型的端到端预训练。 PSSL的启发是受到观察的启发,即通过CAM,Smoothgrad和Lime等解释算法获得的分类模型的解释结果将接近视觉对象的像素簇。具体而言,通过解释分类结果并汇总了从多个分类器查询的解释集合来降低单个模型引起的偏差,从而为每个图像获得PSSL。使用PSSL,对于ImageNet的每个图像,提出的方法都利用加权分割学习程序来预先培训分割网络。实验结果表明,在Imagenet伴随PSSL作为源数据集的情况下,提出的端到端预训练策略成功地增强了各种分割模型的性能,即PSPNET-RESNET50,DEEPLABV3-RESNET50和OCRNET-HRNET-HRNETENET-HRNETENET-HRNETENET-HRNETENET-HRNETW18,和在许多细分任务上,例如CAMVID,VOC-A,VOC-C,ADE20K和CityScapes,并有重大改进。源代码可在https://github.com/paddlepaddle/paddleseg上使用。
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大多数最先进的实例级人类解析模型都采用了两阶段的基于锚的探测器,因此无法避免启发式锚盒设计和像素级别缺乏分析。为了解决这两个问题,我们设计了一个实例级人类解析网络,该网络在像素级别上无锚固且可解决。它由两个简单的子网络组成:一个用于边界框预测的无锚检测头和一个用于人体分割的边缘引导解析头。无锚探测器的头继承了像素样的优点,并有效地避免了对象检测应用中证明的超参数的敏感性。通过引入部分感知的边界线索,边缘引导的解析头能够将相邻的人类部分与彼此区分开,最多可在一个人类实例中,甚至重叠的实例。同时,利用了精炼的头部整合盒子级别的分数和部分分析质量,以提高解析结果的质量。在两个多个人类解析数据集(即CIHP和LV-MHP-V2.0)和一个视频实例级人类解析数据集(即VIP)上进行实验,表明我们的方法实现了超过全球级别和实例级别的性能最新的一阶段自上而下的替代方案。
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在这项工作中,我们探讨了用于语义分割知识蒸馏的数据增强。为了避免过度适合教师网络中的噪音,大量培训示例对于知识蒸馏至关重要。 Imagelevel论证技术(例如翻转,翻译或旋转)在先前的知识蒸馏框架中广泛使用。受到功能空间上语义方向的最新进展的启发,我们建议在功能空间中包括以进行有效蒸馏的功能。具体而言,给定语义方向,可以在功能空间中为学生获得无限数量的增强。此外,分析表明,可以通过最大程度地减少增强损失的上限来同时优化这些增强。基于观察结果,开发了一种用于语义分割的知识蒸馏的新算法。对四个语义分割基准测试的广泛实验表明,所提出的方法可以提高当前知识蒸馏方法的性能而没有任何明显的开销。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/jianlong-yuan/fakd。
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语义分割是计算机视觉中的关键任务之一,它是为图像中的每个像素分配类别标签。尽管最近取得了重大进展,但大多数现有方法仍然遇到两个具有挑战性的问题:1)图像中的物体和东西的大小可能非常多样化,要求将多规模特征纳入完全卷积网络(FCN); 2)由于卷积网络的固有弱点,很难分类靠近物体/物体的边界的像素。为了解决第一个问题,我们提出了一个新的多受感受性现场模块(MRFM),明确考虑了多尺度功能。对于第二期,我们设计了一个边缘感知损失,可有效区分对象/物体的边界。通过这两种设计,我们的多种接收场网络在两个广泛使用的语义分割基准数据集上实现了新的最先进的结果。具体来说,我们在CityScapes数据集上实现了83.0的平均值,在Pascal VOC2012数据集中达到了88.4的平均值。
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Equipping predicted segmentation with calibrated uncertainty is essential for safety-critical applications. In this work, we focus on capturing the data-inherent uncertainty (aka aleatoric uncertainty) in segmentation, typically when ambiguities exist in input images. Due to the high-dimensional output space and potential multiple modes in segmenting ambiguous images, it remains challenging to predict well-calibrated uncertainty for segmentation. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel mixture of stochastic experts (MoSE) model, where each expert network estimates a distinct mode of the aleatoric uncertainty and a gating network predicts the probabilities of an input image being segmented in those modes. This yields an efficient two-level uncertainty representation. To learn the model, we develop a Wasserstein-like loss that directly minimizes the distribution distance between the MoSE and ground truth annotations. The loss can easily integrate traditional segmentation quality measures and be efficiently optimized via constraint relaxation. We validate our method on the LIDC-IDRI dataset and a modified multimodal Cityscapes dataset. Results demonstrate that our method achieves the state-of-the-art or competitive performance on all metrics.
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自动分割方法是医学图像分析的重要进步。特别是机器学习技术和深度神经网络,是最先进的大多数医学图像分割任务。类别不平衡的问题在医疗数据集中构成了重大挑战,病变通常占据相对于背景的相对于较小的体积。深度学习算法培训中使用的损失函数对类别不平衡的鲁棒性不同,具有模型收敛的直接后果。分割最常用的损耗函数基于交叉熵损耗,骰子丢失或两者的组合。我们提出了统一的联络损失,是一种新的分层框架,它概括了骰子和基于跨熵的损失,用于处理类别不平衡。我们评估五个公共可用的损失功能,类不平衡的医学成像数据集:CVC-ClinicDB,船舶提取数字视网膜图像(驱动器),乳房超声波2017(Bus2017),脑肿瘤分割2020(Brats20)和肾肿瘤分割2019 (套件19)。我们将损耗功能性能与六个骰子或基于跨熵的损耗函数进行比较,横跨二进制二进制,3D二进制和3D多包子分段任务,展示我们所提出的损失函数对类不平衡具有强大,并且始终如一地优于其他丢失功能。源代码可用:https://github.com/mlyg/unified-focal-loss
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由于自动驾驶系统的成功,城市场景中的图像分割最近引起了很多关注。然而,有关前景目标的表现不佳,例如交通灯和杆,仍然限制了其进一步的实际应用。在城市场景中,由于特殊的相机位置和3D透视投影,前景目标总是隐藏在周围的东西中。更糟糕的是,由于接收场的连续扩展,加剧了高级功能中的前景和背景类之间的不平衡。我们称之为伪装。在本文中,我们介绍了一个新的附加模块,命名为特征平衡网络(FBNet),以消除城市场景细分中的特征伪装。 FBNET由两个关键组件,即块,BCE(BWBCE)和双重特征调制器(DFM)组成。 BWBCE用作辅助损失,以确保在BackProjagation期间确保前景类的均匀梯度及其周围环境。与此同时,DFM打算在BWBCE的监督下,加强高级功能中的前景阶段的深度表示。这两种模块彼此互相促进,以便有效地易于伪装。我们所提出的方法在两个具有挑战性的城市场景基准,即城市景观和BDD100K上实现了一种新的最先进的分割性能。代码将被释放以进行复制。
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In contrast to fully supervised methods using pixel-wise mask labels, box-supervised instance segmentation takes advantage of simple box annotations, which has recently attracted increasing research attention. This paper presents a novel single-shot instance segmentation approach, namely Box2Mask, which integrates the classical level-set evolution model into deep neural network learning to achieve accurate mask prediction with only bounding box supervision. Specifically, both the input image and its deep features are employed to evolve the level-set curves implicitly, and a local consistency module based on a pixel affinity kernel is used to mine the local context and spatial relations. Two types of single-stage frameworks, i.e., CNN-based and transformer-based frameworks, are developed to empower the level-set evolution for box-supervised instance segmentation, and each framework consists of three essential components: instance-aware decoder, box-level matching assignment and level-set evolution. By minimizing the level-set energy function, the mask map of each instance can be iteratively optimized within its bounding box annotation. The experimental results on five challenging testbeds, covering general scenes, remote sensing, medical and scene text images, demonstrate the outstanding performance of our proposed Box2Mask approach for box-supervised instance segmentation. In particular, with the Swin-Transformer large backbone, our Box2Mask obtains 42.4% mask AP on COCO, which is on par with the recently developed fully mask-supervised methods. The code is available at: https://github.com/LiWentomng/boxlevelset.
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几次拍摄的语义分割旨在将新颖的类对象分段为仅具有少数标记的支持图像。大多数高级解决方案利用度量学习框架,通过将每个查询功能与学习的类特定的原型匹配来执行分段。然而,由于特征比较不完整,该框架遭受了偏见的分类。为了解决这个问题,我们通过引入类别特定的和类别不可知的原型来提出自适应原型表示,从而构建与查询功能学习语义对齐的完整样本对。互补特征学习方式有效地丰富了特征比较,并有助于在几次拍摄设置中产生一个非偏见的分段模型。它用双分支端到端网络(\即,特定于类分支和类别不可知分支)实现,它生成原型,然后组合查询特征以执行比较。此外,所提出的类别无神不可话的分支简单而且有效。在实践中,它可以自适应地为查询图像生成多种类别 - 不可知的原型,并以自我对比方式学习特征对齐。广泛的Pascal-5 $ ^ i $和Coco-20 $ ^ i $展示了我们方法的优越性。在不牺牲推理效率的费用中,我们的模型实现了最先进的,导致1-Shot和5-Shot Settings进行语义分割。
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