在本文中,我们将深度学习文献与非线性因素模型联系起来,并表明深度学习估计可以大大改善非线性加性因子模型文献。我们通过扩展Schmidt-Hieber(2020)定理来提供预期风险的界限,并表明这些上限在一组多个响应变量上是均匀的。我们表明,我们的风险界限并不取决于因素的数量。为了构建资产回报的协方差矩阵估计器,我们开发了深层神经网络中误差协方差矩阵的新型数据依赖性估计器。估算器是指灵活的自适应阈值技术,对创新中的异常值很强。我们证明估计量在光谱规范中是一致的。然后使用该结果,我们显示了协方差矩阵的一致性和收敛速率和资产回报的精确矩阵估计器。两种结果中的收敛速度并不取决于因素的数量,因此我们的收敛性是因子模型文献中的一个新结果,因为这一事实是因素的数量妨碍了更好的估计和预测。除了精确矩阵结果外,即使资产数量大于时间跨度,我们也可以获得我们所有的结果,并且两个数量都在增长。各种蒙特卡洛模拟证实了我们的大型样本发现,并揭示了DNN-FM的卓越精确度,以估计连接因子和可观察变量的真实潜在功能形式,以及与竞争方法相比的协方差和精确矩阵。此外,在大多数情况下,就样本外投资组合策略而言,在样本外预测应用程序中,就样本外投资组合标准偏差和Sharpe比率而言,它的表现优于其他投资组合策略。
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Consider the multivariate nonparametric regression model. It is shown that estimators based on sparsely connected deep neural networks with ReLU activation function and properly chosen network architecture achieve the minimax rates of convergence (up to log nfactors) under a general composition assumption on the regression function. The framework includes many well-studied structural constraints such as (generalized) additive models. While there is a lot of flexibility in the network architecture, the tuning parameter is the sparsity of the network. Specifically, we consider large networks with number of potential network parameters exceeding the sample size. The analysis gives some insights into why multilayer feedforward neural networks perform well in practice. Interestingly, for ReLU activation function the depth (number of layers) of the neural network architectures plays an important role and our theory suggests that for nonparametric regression, scaling the network depth with the sample size is natural. It is also shown that under the composition assumption wavelet estimators can only achieve suboptimal rates.
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This paper investigates the stability of deep ReLU neural networks for nonparametric regression under the assumption that the noise has only a finite p-th moment. We unveil how the optimal rate of convergence depends on p, the degree of smoothness and the intrinsic dimension in a class of nonparametric regression functions with hierarchical composition structure when both the adaptive Huber loss and deep ReLU neural networks are used. This optimal rate of convergence cannot be obtained by the ordinary least squares but can be achieved by the Huber loss with a properly chosen parameter that adapts to the sample size, smoothness, and moment parameters. A concentration inequality for the adaptive Huber ReLU neural network estimators with allowable optimization errors is also derived. To establish a matching lower bound within the class of neural network estimators using the Huber loss, we employ a different strategy from the traditional route: constructing a deep ReLU network estimator that has a better empirical loss than the true function and the difference between these two functions furnishes a low bound. This step is related to the Huberization bias, yet more critically to the approximability of deep ReLU networks. As a result, we also contribute some new results on the approximation theory of deep ReLU neural networks.
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Markowitz mean-variance portfolios with sample mean and covariance as input parameters feature numerous issues in practice. They perform poorly out of sample due to estimation error, they experience extreme weights together with high sensitivity to change in input parameters. The heavy-tail characteristics of financial time series are in fact the cause for these erratic fluctuations of weights that consequently create substantial transaction costs. In robustifying the weights we present a toolbox for stabilizing costs and weights for global minimum Markowitz portfolios. Utilizing a projected gradient descent (PGD) technique, we avoid the estimation and inversion of the covariance operator as a whole and concentrate on robust estimation of the gradient descent increment. Using modern tools of robust statistics we construct a computationally efficient estimator with almost Gaussian properties based on median-of-means uniformly over weights. This robustified Markowitz approach is confirmed by empirical studies on equity markets. We demonstrate that robustified portfolios reach the lowest turnover compared to shrinkage-based and constrained portfolios while preserving or slightly improving out-of-sample performance.
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This paper provides estimation and inference methods for a conditional average treatment effects (CATE) characterized by a high-dimensional parameter in both homogeneous cross-sectional and unit-heterogeneous dynamic panel data settings. In our leading example, we model CATE by interacting the base treatment variable with explanatory variables. The first step of our procedure is orthogonalization, where we partial out the controls and unit effects from the outcome and the base treatment and take the cross-fitted residuals. This step uses a novel generic cross-fitting method we design for weakly dependent time series and panel data. This method "leaves out the neighbors" when fitting nuisance components, and we theoretically power it by using Strassen's coupling. As a result, we can rely on any modern machine learning method in the first step, provided it learns the residuals well enough. Second, we construct an orthogonal (or residual) learner of CATE -- the Lasso CATE -- that regresses the outcome residual on the vector of interactions of the residualized treatment with explanatory variables. If the complexity of CATE function is simpler than that of the first-stage regression, the orthogonal learner converges faster than the single-stage regression-based learner. Third, we perform simultaneous inference on parameters of the CATE function using debiasing. We also can use ordinary least squares in the last two steps when CATE is low-dimensional. In heterogeneous panel data settings, we model the unobserved unit heterogeneity as a weakly sparse deviation from Mundlak (1978)'s model of correlated unit effects as a linear function of time-invariant covariates and make use of L1-penalization to estimate these models. We demonstrate our methods by estimating price elasticities of groceries based on scanner data. We note that our results are new even for the cross-sectional (i.i.d) case.
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In a high dimensional linear predictive regression where the number of potential predictors can be larger than the sample size, we consider using LASSO, a popular L1-penalized regression method, to estimate the sparse coefficients when many unit root regressors are present. Consistency of LASSO relies on two building blocks: the deviation bound of the cross product of the regressors and the error term, and the restricted eigenvalue of the Gram matrix of the regressors. In our setting where unit root regressors are driven by temporal dependent non-Gaussian innovations, we establish original probabilistic bounds for these two building blocks. The bounds imply that the rates of convergence of LASSO are different from those in the familiar cross sectional case. In practical applications given a mixture of stationary and nonstationary predictors, asymptotic guarantee of LASSO is preserved if all predictors are scale-standardized. In an empirical example of forecasting the unemployment rate with many macroeconomic time series, strong performance is delivered by LASSO when the initial specification is guided by macroeconomic domain expertise.
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我们考虑一个高维模型,其中观察到时间和空间的变量。该模型由包含时间滞后的时空回归和因变量的空间滞后组成。与古典空间自回归模型不同,我们不依赖于预定的空间交互矩阵,但从数据中推断所有空间交互。假设稀疏性,我们通过惩罚一组Yule-Walker方程来估计完全数据驱动的空间和时间依赖。这种正则化可以留下非结构化,但我们还提出了当观察结果源自空间网格(例如卫星图像)时定制的收缩程序。推导有限的样本误差界限,并且在渐近框架中建立估计一致性,其中样本大小和空间单元的数量共同偏离。外源性变量也可以包括在内。与竞争程序相比,仿真练习表现出强大的有限样本性能。作为一个实证应用,我们模型卫星测量了伦敦的No2浓度。我们的方法通过竞争力的基准提供预测,我们发现了强烈的空间互动的证据。
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古典统计学习理论表示,拟合太多参数导致过度舒服和性能差。尽管大量参数矛盾,但是现代深度神经网络概括了这一发现,并构成了解释深度学习成功的主要未解决的问题。随机梯度下降(SGD)引起的隐式正规被认为是重要的,但其特定原则仍然是未知的。在这项工作中,我们研究了当地最小值周围的能量景观的局部几何学如何影响SGD的统计特性,具有高斯梯度噪声。我们争辩说,在合理的假设下,局部几何形状力强制SGD保持接近低维子空间,这会引起隐式正则化并导致深神经网络的泛化误差界定更严格的界限。为了获得神经网络的泛化误差界限,我们首先引入局部最小值周围的停滞迹象,并施加人口风险的局部基本凸性财产。在这些条件下,推导出SGD的下界,以保留在这些停滞套件中。如果发生停滞,我们会导出涉及权重矩阵的光谱规范的深神经网络的泛化误差的界限,但不是网络参数的数量。从技术上讲,我们的证据基于控制SGD中的参数值的变化以及基于局部最小值周围的合适邻域的熵迭代的参数值和局部均匀收敛。我们的工作试图通过统一收敛更好地连接非凸优化和泛化分析。
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本文研究了在潜在的结果框架中使用深神经网络(DNN)的平均治疗效果(ATE)的估计和推理。在一些规则性条件下,观察到的响应可以作为与混杂变量和治疗指标作为自变量的平均回归问题的响应。使用这种配方,我们研究了通过使用特定网络架构的DNN回归基于估计平均回归函数的两种尝试估计和推断方法。我们表明ATE的两个DNN估计在底层真正的均值回归模型上的一些假设下与无维一致性率一致。我们的模型假设可容纳观察到的协变量的潜在复杂的依赖结构,包括治疗指标和混淆变量之间的潜在因子和非线性相互作用。我们还基于采样分裂的思想,确保精确推理和不确定量化,建立了我们估计的渐近常态。仿真研究和实际数据应用证明了我们的理论调查结果,支持我们的DNN估计和推理方法。
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学习线性时间不变动态系统(LTID)的参数是当前兴趣的问题。在许多应用程序中,人们有兴趣联合学习多个相关LTID的参数,这仍然是未探究的日期。为此,我们开发一个联合估计器,用于学习共享常见基矩阵的LTID的过渡矩阵。此外,我们建立有限时间误差界限,取决于底层的样本大小,维度,任务数和转换矩阵的光谱属性。结果是在轻度规律假设下获得的,并在单独学习每个系统的比较中,展示从LTID的汇集信息汇总信息。我们还研究了错过过渡矩阵的联合结构的影响,并显示成立的结果在适度误操作的存在下是强大的。
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个性化决定规则(IDR)是一个决定函数,可根据他/她观察到的特征分配给定的治疗。文献中的大多数现有工作考虑使用二进制或有限的许多治疗方案的设置。在本文中,我们专注于连续治疗设定,并提出跳跃间隔 - 学习,开发一个最大化预期结果的个性化间隔值决定规则(I2DR)。与推荐单一治疗的IDRS不同,所提出的I2DR为每个人产生了一系列治疗方案,使其在实践中实施更加灵活。为了获得最佳I2DR,我们的跳跃间隔学习方法估计通过跳转惩罚回归给予治疗和协变量的结果的条件平均值,并基于估计的结果回归函数来衍生相应的最佳I2DR。允许回归线是用于清晰的解释或深神经网络的线性,以模拟复杂的处理 - 协调会相互作用。为了实现跳跃间隔学习,我们开发了一种基于动态编程的搜索算法,其有效计算结果回归函数。当结果回归函数是处理空间的分段或连续功能时,建立所得I2DR的统计特性。我们进一步制定了一个程序,以推断(估计)最佳政策下的平均结果。进行广泛的模拟和对华法林研究的真实数据应用,以证明所提出的I2DR的经验有效性。
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套索是一种高维回归的方法,当时,当协变量$ p $的订单数量或大于观测值$ n $时,通常使用它。由于两个基本原因,经典的渐近态性理论不适用于该模型:$(1)$正规风险是非平滑的; $(2)$估算器$ \ wideHat {\ boldsymbol {\ theta}} $与true参数vector $ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$无法忽略。结果,标准的扰动论点是渐近正态性的传统基础。另一方面,套索估计器可以精确地以$ n $和$ p $大,$ n/p $的订单为一。这种表征首先是在使用I.I.D的高斯设计的情况下获得的。协变量:在这里,我们将其推广到具有非偏差协方差结构的高斯相关设计。这是根据更简单的``固定设计''模型表示的。我们在两个模型中各种数量的分布之间的距离上建立了非反应界限,它们在合适的稀疏类别中均匀地固定在信号上$ \ boldsymbol {\ theta}^*$。作为应用程序,我们研究了借助拉索的分布,并表明需要校正程度对于计算有效的置信区间是必要的。
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我们使用深层部分最小二乘(DPL)来估算单个股票收益的资产定价模型,该模型以灵活而动态的方式利用调理信息,同时将超额回报归因于一小部分统计风险因素。新颖的贡献是解决非线性因子结构,从而推进经验资产定价中深度学习的当前范式,该定价在假设高斯资产回报和因素的假设下使用线性随机折现因子。通过使用预测的最小二乘正方形来共同投影公司特征和资产回报到潜在因素的子空间,并使用深度学习从因子负载到资产回报中学习非线性图。捕获这种非线性风险因素结构的结果是通过线性风险因素暴露和相互作用效应来表征资产回报中的异常情况。因此,深度学习捕获异常值的众所周知的能力,在潜在因素结构中的角色和高阶项在因素风险溢价上的作用。从经验方面来说,我们实施了DPLS因子模型,并表现出比Lasso和Plain Vanilla深度学习模型表现出卓越的性能。此外,由于DPL的更简约的架构,我们的网络培训时间大大减少了。具体而言,在1989年12月至2018年1月的一段时间内使用Russell 1000指数中的3290资产,我们评估了我们的DPLS因子模型,并生成比深度学习大约1.2倍的信息比率。 DPLS解释了变化和定价错误,并确定了最突出的潜在因素和公司特征。
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Dynamic treatment regimes assign personalized treatments to patients sequentially over time based on their baseline information and time-varying covariates. In mobile health applications, these covariates are typically collected at different frequencies over a long time horizon. In this paper, we propose a deep spectral Q-learning algorithm, which integrates principal component analysis (PCA) with deep Q-learning to handle the mixed frequency data. In theory, we prove that the mean return under the estimated optimal policy converges to that under the optimal one and establish its rate of convergence. The usefulness of our proposal is further illustrated via simulations and an application to a diabetes dataset.
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组选择的最佳子集(BSG)是选择一小部分非重叠组以在响应变量上获得最佳解释性的过程。它吸引了越来越多的关注,并且在实践中具有深远的应用。但是,由于BSG在高维环境中的计算棘手性,开发用于解决BSGS的有效算法仍然是研究热点。在本文中,我们提出了一种划分的算法,该算法迭代地检测相关组并排除了无关的组。此外,再加上新的组信息标准,我们开发了一种自适应算法来确定最佳模型大小。在轻度条件下,我们的算法可以在多项式时间内以高概率确定组的最佳子集是可以证明的。最后,我们通过将它们与合成数据集和现实世界中的几种最新算法进行比较来证明我们的方法的效率和准确性。
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在本文中,我们利用过度参数化来设计高维单索索引模型的无规矩算法,并为诱导的隐式正则化现象提供理论保证。具体而言,我们研究了链路功能是非线性且未知的矢量和矩阵单索引模型,信号参数是稀疏向量或低秩对称矩阵,并且响应变量可以是重尾的。为了更好地理解隐含正规化的角色而没有过度的技术性,我们假设协变量的分布是先验的。对于载体和矩阵设置,我们通过采用分数函数变换和专为重尾数据的强大截断步骤来构造过度参数化最小二乘损耗功能。我们建议通过将无规则化的梯度下降应用于损耗函数来估计真实参数。当初始化接近原点并且步骤中足够小时,我们证明了所获得的解决方案在载体和矩阵案件中实现了最小的收敛统计速率。此外,我们的实验结果支持我们的理论调查结果,并表明我们的方法在$ \ ell_2 $ -staticatisticated率和变量选择一致性方面具有明确的正则化的经验卓越。
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本文开发了一个通用框架,用于通过核规范正则化估计高维条件因子模型。我们建立了估计器的较大样本属性,并提供了用于查找估计器的有效计算算法以及选择正则化参数的交叉验证程序。一般框架使我们能够以统一的方式估算各种条件因素模型,并迅速提供新的渐近结果。我们采用该方法来分析单个美国股票收益的横截面,并发现施加同质性可以改善模型的样本外可预测性。
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交叉验证是在许多非参数回归问题中调整参数选择的标准方法。然而,它在变化点回归中的使用不太常见,也许由于其预测误差的标准可能似乎允许小的虚假变化,因此不太适合估计变化点的数量和位置。我们表明,实际上,具有平方误差损失的交叉验证问题更严重,可以导致系统的减少或过度估计变化点的数量,以及在更改的简单设置中的平均功能的高度次优估计很容易检测到。我们提出了两种简单的方法来解决这些问题,第一个涉及使用绝对误差而不是平方误差损失,以及第二个涉及修改所用的熔断集。对于后者,我们提供了允许一致估计一般变更点估计程序的变化点数的条件。我们显示这些条件对于使用新结果的最佳分区满足其在提供错误数量的更改点时的性能。数值实验表明,特别是当错误分布良好的调整参数选择时,特别是使用经典调谐参数选择的绝对误差方法竞争,但可以在错过的模型中显着优于这些。 CRAN上的R包CrossValidationCP中提供了我们的方法。
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协方差估计在功能数据分析中普遍存在。然而,对多维域的功能观测的情况引入了计算和统计挑战,使标准方法有效地不适用。为了解决这个问题,我们将“协方差网络”(CoVNet)介绍为建模和估算工具。 Covnet模型是“Universal” - 它可用于近似于达到所需精度的任何协方差。此外,该模型可以有效地拟合到数据,其神经网络架构允许我们在实现中采用现代计算工具。 Covnet模型还承认了一个封闭形式的实体分解,可以有效地计算,而不构建协方差本身。这有助于在CoVnet的背景下轻松存储和随后操纵协方差。我们建立了拟议估计者的一致性,得出了汇合速度。通过广泛的仿真研究和休息状态FMRI数据的应用,证明了所提出的方法的有用性。
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Latent factor model estimation typically relies on either using domain knowledge to manually pick several observed covariates as factor proxies, or purely conducting multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis. However, the former approach may suffer from the bias while the latter can not incorporate additional information. We propose to bridge these two approaches while allowing the number of factor proxies to diverge, and hence make the latent factor model estimation robust, flexible, and statistically more accurate. As a bonus, the number of factors is also allowed to grow. At the heart of our method is a penalized reduced rank regression to combine information. To further deal with heavy-tailed data, a computationally attractive penalized robust reduced rank regression method is proposed. We establish faster rates of convergence compared with the benchmark. Extensive simulations and real examples are used to illustrate the advantages.
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