在本文中，我们提出了Unicorn，一种vision-language（vl）模型，使文本生成和边界框预测到单个架构中。具体而言，我们将每个框量化为四个离散框令牌，并将其序列化为序列，可以与文本令牌集成。我们将所有VL问题作为一代任务，其中目标序列由集成文本和框令牌组成。然后，我们训练变压器编码器解码器以以自动回归方式预测目标。通过如此统一的框架和输入输出格式，Unicorn在7 VL基准测试中实现了对现有技术的可比性的性能，涵盖了视觉接地，接地字幕，视觉问题应答和图像标题任务。当用多任务FINETUNING培训时，UNICORN可以通过单一的参数方法接近不同的VL任务，从而跨越下游任务边界。我们展示了具有单一模型不仅可以节省参数，而且还可以在某些任务上提高模型性能。最后，Unicorn显示了概括到诸如ImageNet对象本地化的新任务的能力。

我们提出了GLIPV2，这是一个接地的VL理解模型，该模型既服务于本地化任务（例如，对象检测，实例分割）和视觉语言（VL）理解任务（例如VQA，图像字幕）。 GLIPV2优雅地将本地化预训练和视觉语言预训练（VLP）具有三个预训练任务：短语接地作为对检测任务的VL重新重新制定，区域词对比度学习作为新型的区域词对比度对比度对比学习任务，以及蒙面的语言建模。这种统一不仅简化了先前的多阶段VLP程序，而且还可以在本地化和理解任务之间实现相互利益。实验结果表明，在各种本地化和理解任务上，单个GLIPV2模型（所有模型权重）在SOTA性能附近实现。该模型还显示了（1）在开放式摄制对象检测任务上进行的强零射击和很少的自适应性能，以及（2）VL理解任务上的卓越接地能力。代码将在https://github.com/microsoft/glip上发布。

通用视觉（GPV）系统是旨在解决各种视觉任务的模型，而无需进行架构更改。如今，GPV主要从大型完全监督的数据集中学习技能和概念。通过获取数据以迅速学习每个技能的每个概念，将GPV扩展到数万个概念都变得令人望而却步。这项工作提出了一种有效且廉价的替代方法：从监督数据集中学习技能，从Web图像搜索中学习概念，并利用GPV的关键特征：跨技能传递视觉知识的能力。我们使用跨越10K+视觉概念的1M+图像的数据集来演示3个基准上的两个现有GPV（GPV-1和VL-T5）的Webly Supumented概念扩展：5个基于可可的数据集（80个主要概念），这是一个新的策划系列，这是一个新的策划系列。基于OpenImages和VisualGenome存储库（〜500个概念）以及Web衍生的数据集（10K+概念）的5个数据集。我们还提出了一种新的体系结构GPV-2，该架构支持各种任务 - 从分类和本地化等视觉任务到Qu Viewer+语言任务，例如QA和字幕，再到更多的利基市场，例如人类对象互动检测。 GPV-2从Web数据中受益匪浅，并且在这些基准测试中胜过GPV-1和VL-T5。我们的数据，代码和Web演示可在https://prior.allenai.org/projects/gpv2上获得。

This paper presents a unified Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) model. The model is unified in that (1) it can be finetuned for either vision-language generation (e.g., image captioning) or understanding (e.g., visual question answering) tasks, and (2) it uses a shared multi-layer transformer network for both encoding and decoding, which differs from many existing methods where the encoder and decoder are implemented using separate models. The unified VLP model is pre-trained on a large amount of image-text pairs using the unsupervised learning objectives of two tasks: bidirectional and sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) masked vision-language prediction. The two tasks differ solely in what context the prediction conditions on. This is controlled by utilizing specific self-attention masks for the shared transformer network. To the best of our knowledge, VLP is the first reported model that achieves state-of-the-art results on both vision-language generation and understanding tasks, as disparate as image captioning and visual question answering, across three challenging benchmark datasets: COCO Captions, Flickr30k Captions, and VQA 2.0. The code and the pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/LuoweiZhou/VLP.

We present X-Decoder, a generalized decoding model that can predict pixel-level segmentation and language tokens seamlessly. X-Decodert takes as input two types of queries: (i) generic non-semantic queries and (ii) semantic queries induced from text inputs, to decode different pixel-level and token-level outputs in the same semantic space. With such a novel design, X-Decoder is the first work that provides a unified way to support all types of image segmentation and a variety of vision-language (VL) tasks. Further, our design enables seamless interactions across tasks at different granularities and brings mutual benefits by learning a common and rich pixel-level visual-semantic understanding space, without any pseudo-labeling. After pretraining on a mixed set of a limited amount of segmentation data and millions of image-text pairs, X-Decoder exhibits strong transferability to a wide range of downstream tasks in both zero-shot and finetuning settings. Notably, it achieves (1) state-of-the-art results on open-vocabulary segmentation and referring segmentation on eight datasets; (2) better or competitive finetuned performance to other generalist and specialist models on segmentation and VL tasks; and (3) flexibility for efficient finetuning and novel task composition (e.g., referring captioning and image editing). Code, demo, video, and visualization are available at https://x-decoder-vl.github.io.

近年来，统一的视觉语言框架已经大大提高，其中大多数采用编码器架构将图像文本任务统一为序列到序列的生成。但是，现有的视频语言（VIDL）模型仍需要在每个任务的模型体系结构和培训目标中进行特定于任务的设计。在这项工作中，我们探索了一个统一的VIDL框架薰衣草，其中蒙版语言建模（MLM）用作所有前训练和下游任务的常见接口。这样的统一导致了简化的模型体系结构，在多模式编码器之上，只需要一个轻巧的MLM头，而不是具有更多参数的解码器。令人惊讶的是，实验结果表明，这个统一的框架在14个VIDL基准测试中实现了竞争性能，涵盖了视频问答，文本到视频检索和视频字幕。广泛的分析进一步证明了薰衣草比现有VIDL方法的优势：（i）在多任务列出时仅使用一组参数值支持所有下游任务； （ii）对各种下游任务的几乎没有概括； （iii）在视频问题回答任务上启用零射门评估。代码可从https://github.com/microsoft/lavender获得。

在本文中，我们设计和训练生成的图像到文本变压器Git，以统一视觉语言任务，例如图像/视频字幕和问题答案。尽管生成模型在预训练和微调之间提供了一致的网络体系结构，但现有工作通常包含复杂的结构（Uni/多模式编码器/解码器），并取决于外部模块，例如对象检测器/标记器和光学角色识别（OCR） ）。在git中，我们将体系结构简化为一个图像编码器，而在单语言建模任务下将架构简化为一个文本解码器。我们还扩展了预训练数据和模型大小，以提高模型性能。没有铃铛和哨子，我们的git在12个具有挑战性的基准下建立了新的艺术状态。例如，我们的模型在文本贴图上首次超过了人类的表现（138.2 vs. 125.5在苹果酒中）。此外，我们提出了一种新的基于一代的图像分类和场景文本识别的方案，在标准基准上实现了不错的表现。

视觉语言（VL）预训练最近受到了广泛的关注。但是，大多数现有的端到端预训练方法只旨在解决诸如图像文本检索，视觉询问答案（VQA）和图像字幕等VL任务，以测试对图像的高级了解，或者仅对目标区域进行测试 - 对诸如短语接地和对象检测等任务的水平理解。我们提出了Fiber（基于回避的变压器），这是一种新的VL模型体系结构，可以无缝处理这两种类型的任务。 Fiber没有将多模式融合到模型深处，而不是将融合后的专用变压器层用于融合，而是通过将交叉注意力插入图像和文本骨干杆中，从而在记忆和性能方面带来了增长。此外，与以前的工作不同，它要么仅在图像文本数据上进行训练，要么在带有框级注释的细粒度数据上进行培训，我们提出了一种两阶段的预训练策略，该策略有效地使用了这两种数据：（（ i）基于图像文本数据的粗粒细化预训练；然后是（ii）基于图像文本框数据的细粒度预训练。我们对各种VL任务进行全面的实验，从VQA，图像字幕和检索到短语接地，参考表达理解和对象检测。使用深层多模式融合，结合两阶段的预训练，光纤可对所有任务的强基础进行一致的性能改进，通常使用幅度更优于更多数据的方法。代码可从https://github.com/microsoft/fiber获得。

This paper presents a detailed study of improving visual representations for vision language (VL) tasks and develops an improved object detection model to provide object-centric representations of images. Compared to the most widely used bottom-up and top-down model [2], the new model is bigger, better-designed for VL tasks, and pre-trained on much larger training corpora that combine multiple public annotated object detection datasets. Therefore, it can generate representations of a richer collection of visual objects and concepts. While previous VL research focuses mainly on improving the vision-language fusion model and leaves the object detection model improvement untouched, we show that visual features matter significantly in VL models. In our experiments we feed the visual features generated by the new object detection model into a Transformer-based VL fusion model OSCAR [21], and utilize an improved approach OSCAR+ to pre-train the VL model and fine-tune it on a wide range of downstream VL tasks. Our results show that the new visual features significantly improve the performance across all VL tasks, creating new state-of-the-art results on seven public benchmarks. Code, models and pre-extracted features are released at https://github.com/pzzhang/VinVL. ♥ Microsoft Corporation♠ University of Washington † indicates equal contributions.

我们提出了Unified-io，该模型执行了跨越经典计算机视觉任务的各种AI任务，包括姿势估计，对象检测，深度估计和图像生成，视觉和语言任务，例如区域字幕和引用表达理解，并引用表达理解，进行自然语言处理任务，例如回答和释义。由于与每个任务有关的异质输入和输出，包括RGB图像，每个像素映射，二进制掩码，边界框和语言，开发一个统一模型引起了独特的挑战。我们通过将每个受支持的输入和输出均匀地均匀地统一到一系列离散的词汇令牌来实现这一统一。在所有任务中，这种共同的表示使我们能够在视觉和语言字段中的80多个不同数据集上培训单个基于变压器的体系结构。 Unified-io是第一个能够在砂砾基准上执行所有7个任务的模型，并在NYUV2-DEPTH，Imagenet，VQA2.0，OK-VQA，SWIG，SWIG，VIZWIZ，BOOLQ，BOOLQ和SCITAIL，带有NYUV2-DEPTH，Imagenet，VQA2.0，诸如NYUV2-DEPTH，ImageNet，vqa2.0等16个不同的基准中产生强大的结果。没有任务或基准特定的微调。 unified-io的演示可在https://unified-io.allenai.org上获得。

Vision-Language预培训是一个新兴和快速发展的研究主题，将多模态知识从丰富的资源预训练任务转移到有限资源下游任务。与主要学习单个通用编码器的现有作品不同，我们提出了一种可训练的通用编码器 - 解码器网络（UNI-EDEN），以促进视觉语言感知（例如，视觉问题应答）和生成（例如，图像标题）。 UNI-EDEN是一种基于双流变换器的结构，由三个模块组成：对象和句子编码器，其单独了解每个模态的表示，以及通过模态交互能够实现多模态推理和句子的句子解码器。考虑到每个图像的语言表示可以跨越该层次结构的不同粒度，包括从简单到全面，个人标签，短语和自然句子，我们通过多粒愿景语言代理任务预先列车UNI-EDEN：屏蔽对象分类（MOC），蒙版区域短语生成（MRPG），图像句匹配（ISM）和屏蔽句生成（MSG）。以这种方式，UNI-EDEN赋予了多模态表示提取和语言建模的功率。广泛的实验证明了通过微调到四个视觉语言感知和发电下游任务来展示Uni-Eden的概括性。

Vision-Language Pre-Training (VLP) has shown promising capabilities to align image and text pairs, facilitating a broad variety of cross-modal learning tasks. However, we observe that VLP models often lack the visual grounding/localization capability which is critical for many downstream tasks such as visual reasoning. In this work, we propose a novel Position-guided Text Prompt (PTP) paradigm to enhance the visual grounding ability of cross-modal models trained with VLP. Specifically, in the VLP phase, PTP divides the image into $N\times N$ blocks, and identifies the objects in each block through the widely used object detector in VLP. It then reformulates the visual grounding task into a fill-in-the-blank problem given a PTP by encouraging the model to predict the objects in the given blocks or regress the blocks of a given object, e.g. filling `P" or ``O" in aPTP ``The block P has a O". This mechanism improves the visual grounding capability of VLP models and thus helps them better handle various downstream tasks. By introducing PTP into several state-of-the-art VLP frameworks, we observe consistently significant improvements across representative cross-modal learning model architectures and several benchmarks, e.g. zero-shot Flickr30K Retrieval (+4.8 in average recall@1) for ViLT \cite{vilt} baseline, and COCO Captioning (+5.3 in CIDEr) for SOTA BLIP \cite{blip} baseline. Moreover, PTP achieves comparable results with object-detector based methods, and much faster inference speed since PTP discards its object detector for inference while the later cannot. Our code and pre-trained weight will be released at \url{https://github.com/sail-sg/ptp}.

Joint image-text embedding is the bedrock for most Visionand-Language (V+L) tasks, where multimodality inputs are simultaneously processed for joint visual and textual understanding. In this paper, we introduce UNITER, a UNiversal Image-TExt Representation, learned through large-scale pre-training over four image-text datasets (COCO, Visual Genome, Conceptual Captions, and SBU Captions), which can power heterogeneous downstream V+L tasks with joint multimodal embeddings. We design four pre-training tasks: Masked Language Modeling (MLM), Masked Region Modeling (MRM, with three variants), Image-Text Matching (ITM), and Word-Region Alignment (WRA). Different from previous work that applies joint random masking to both modalities, we use conditional masking on pre-training tasks (i.e., masked language/region modeling is conditioned on full observation of image/text). In addition to ITM for global image-text alignment, we also propose WRA via the use of Optimal Transport (OT) to explicitly encourage finegrained alignment between words and image regions during pre-training. Comprehensive analysis shows that both conditional masking and OTbased WRA contribute to better pre-training. We also conduct a thorough ablation study to find an optimal combination of pre-training tasks. Extensive experiments show that UNITER achieves new state of the art across six V+L tasks (over nine datasets), including Visual Question

Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2

The availability of large-scale image captioning and visual question answering datasets has contributed significantly to recent successes in vision-and-language pretraining. However, these datasets are often collected with overrestrictive requirements inherited from their original target tasks (e.g., image caption generation), which limit the resulting dataset scale and diversity. We take a step further in pushing the limits of vision-and-language pretraining data by relaxing the data collection pipeline used in Conceptual Captions 3M (CC3M) [70] and introduce the Conceptual 12M (CC12M), a dataset with 12 million image-text pairs specifically meant to be used for visionand-language pre-training. We perform an analysis of this dataset and benchmark its effectiveness against CC3M on multiple downstream tasks with an emphasis on long-tail visual recognition. Our results clearly illustrate the benefit of scaling up pre-training data for vision-and-language tasks, as indicated by the new state-of-the-art results on both the nocaps and Conceptual Captions benchmarks. 1

We present ViLBERT (short for Vision-and-Language BERT), a model for learning task-agnostic joint representations of image content and natural language. We extend the popular BERT architecture to a multi-modal two-stream model, processing both visual and textual inputs in separate streams that interact through co-attentional transformer layers. We pretrain our model through two proxy tasks on the large, automatically collected Conceptual Captions dataset and then transfer it to multiple established vision-and-language tasks -visual question answering, visual commonsense reasoning, referring expressions, and caption-based image retrieval -by making only minor additions to the base architecture. We observe significant improvements across tasks compared to existing task-specific modelsachieving state-of-the-art on all four tasks. Our work represents a shift away from learning groundings between vision and language only as part of task training and towards treating visual grounding as a pretrainable and transferable capability.Preprint. Under review.

Vision-Language Transformers can be learned without human labels (e.g. class labels, bounding boxes, etc). Existing work, whether explicitly utilizing bounding boxes or patches, assumes that the visual backbone must first be trained on ImageNet class prediction before being integrated into a multimodal linguistic pipeline. We show that this is not necessary and introduce a new model Vision-Language from Captions (VLC) built on top of Masked Auto-Encoders that does not require this supervision. In fact, in a head-to-head comparison between ViLT, the current state-of-the-art patch-based vision-language transformer which is pretrained with supervised object classification, and our model, VLC, we find that our approach 1. outperforms ViLT on standard benchmarks, 2. provides more interpretable and intuitive patch visualizations, and 3. is competitive with many larger models that utilize ROIs trained on annotated bounding-boxes.

随着视觉前训练的成功，我们目睹了最先进的方式，以多模式的理解和产生推动。但是，当前的预训练范式不能一次靶向所有模式（例如，文本生成和图像生成），或者需要多重设计良好的任务，从而显着限制可伸缩性。我们证明，可以通过文本和图像序列的前缀语言建模目标学习统一的模态模型。得益于简单但功能强大的预训练范式，我们提出的模型Davinci非常易于训练，可扩展到巨大的数据，并且可以适应跨模态（语言 /视觉 /视觉+语言）的各种下游任务（类型）（理解） / generation）和设置（例如，零射，微调，线性评估）具有单个统一体系结构。达文奇（Davinci）在26个理解 /发电任务的广泛范围内实现了竞争性能，并且在大多数任务上都超过了以前的统一视力语言模型，包括Imagenet分类（+1.6％），VQAV2（+1.4％）（+1.4％），可可标题生成（Bleu@@@@@ 4 +1.1％，苹果酒 +1.5％）和可可图像生成（ +0.9％，FID -1.0％），在可比的模型和数据量表处。此外，我们通过在异质和广泛的分布覆盖范围内报告不同尺度的量表上的性能，为将来的研究提供了明确的基准。我们的结果建立了新的，更强的基线，以便将来在不同的数据量表上进行比较，并阐明了更广泛地比较VLP模型的困难。

以前的视觉语言预训练模型主要构建具有令牌和对象（像素）的多模式输入，然后在它们之间执行交叉模式相互作用。我们认为，只有令牌和对象的输入限制了诸如短语到区域接地之类的高级语义对齐。同时，多层次对齐本质上是一致的，并且能够协同促进表示形式学习。因此，在本文中，我们建议学习视觉预训练（MVPTR）的多级语义一致性。在MVPTR中，我们遵循两种方式的嵌套结构，以引入概念为高级语义。为了简化从多模式多级输入的学习，我们的框架分为两个阶段，第一阶段着重于模式内多级表示学习，第二阶段通过粗粒和细粒度跨模态强化了跨模式的交互语义对齐任务。除了常用的图像文本匹配和掩盖语言模型任务外，我们还引入了第一阶段蒙版概念恢复任务以增强概念表示学习，第二阶段的另外两个任务在第二阶段中，以明确鼓励跨跨层次的多层次对准方式。我们的代码可在https://github.com/junction4nako/mvp_pytorch上找到。

远见和语言预测已成为解决多模式下游任务的普遍方法。当前的趋势是朝着更大的模型和预处理数据集迈进。从长远来看，这一计算头急促似乎是不合理的，而是朝着可持续的解决方案迈进，事实上，排除了资源有限的学术实验室。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个称为VICHA的新框架，该框架有效利用输入数据以通过以下方式提高学习，以： ，（c）利用图像级注释，称为视觉概念，使用现有基础模型（例如剪辑）获得，以提高图像编码器的性能。尽管对数据的预估计少了四倍，但我们的VICHA策略在下游任务（例如图像文本检索，VQA，视觉推理，视觉上和视觉接地）上的其他方法优于其他方法。该代码将在此处公开提供：https：//github.com/mshukor/vicha