本文研究了无限二维希尔伯特空间之间线性算子的学习。训练数据包括希尔伯特空间中的一对随机输入向量以及在未知的自我接合线性运算符下的嘈杂图像。假设操作员在已知的基础上是对角线化的，则该工作解决了给定数据估算操作员特征值的等效反问题。采用贝叶斯方法，理论分析在无限的数据限制中建立了后部收缩率，而高斯先验者与反向问题的正向图没有直接相关。主要结果还包括学习理论的概括错误保证了广泛的分配变化。这些收敛速率分别量化了数据平滑度和真实特征值衰减或生长的影响，分别是紧凑或无界操作员对样品复杂性的影响。数值证据支持对角线和非对角性环境中的理论。

在这项工作中，我们考虑线性逆问题$ y = ax + \ epsilon $，其中$ a \ colon x \ to y $是可分离的hilbert spaces $ x $和$ y $之间的已知线性运算符，$ x $。 $ x $和$ \ epsilon $中的随机变量是$ y $的零平均随机过程。该设置涵盖成像中的几个逆问题，包括去噪，去束和X射线层析造影。在古典正规框架内，我们专注于正则化功能的情况下未能先验，而是从数据中学习。我们的第一个结果是关于均方误差的最佳广义Tikhonov规则器的表征。我们发现它完全独立于前向操作员$ a $，并仅取决于$ x $的平均值和协方差。然后，我们考虑从两个不同框架中设置的有限训练中学习常规程序的问题：一个监督，根据$ x $和$ y $的样本，只有一个无人监督，只基于$ x $的样本。在这两种情况下，我们证明了泛化界限，在X $和$ \ epsilon $的分发的一些弱假设下，包括子高斯变量的情况。我们的界限保持在无限尺寸的空间中，从而表明更精细和更细的离散化不会使这个学习问题更加困难。结果通过数值模拟验证。

Kernels are efficient in representing nonlocal dependence and they are widely used to design operators between function spaces. Thus, learning kernels in operators from data is an inverse problem of general interest. Due to the nonlocal dependence, the inverse problem can be severely ill-posed with a data-dependent singular inversion operator. The Bayesian approach overcomes the ill-posedness through a non-degenerate prior. However, a fixed non-degenerate prior leads to a divergent posterior mean when the observation noise becomes small, if the data induces a perturbation in the eigenspace of zero eigenvalues of the inversion operator. We introduce a data-adaptive prior to achieve a stable posterior whose mean always has a small noise limit. The data-adaptive prior's covariance is the inversion operator with a hyper-parameter selected adaptive to data by the L-curve method. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis on the computational practice of the data-adaptive prior, and demonstrate it on Toeplitz matrices and integral operators. Numerical tests show that a fixed prior can lead to a divergent posterior mean in the presence of any of the four types of errors: discretization error, model error, partial observation and wrong noise assumption. In contrast, the data-adaptive prior always attains posterior means with small noise limits.

Interacting particle or agent systems that display a rich variety of swarming behaviours are ubiquitous in science and engineering. A fundamental and challenging goal is to understand the link between individual interaction rules and swarming. In this paper, we study the data-driven discovery of a second-order particle swarming model that describes the evolution of $N$ particles in $\mathbb{R}^d$ under radial interactions. We propose a learning approach that models the latent radial interaction function as Gaussian processes, which can simultaneously fulfill two inference goals: one is the nonparametric inference of {the} interaction function with pointwise uncertainty quantification, and the other one is the inference of unknown scalar parameters in the non-collective friction forces of the system. We formulate the learning problem as a statistical inverse problem and provide a detailed analysis of recoverability conditions, establishing that a coercivity condition is sufficient for recoverability. Given data collected from $M$ i.i.d trajectories with independent Gaussian observational noise, we provide a finite-sample analysis, showing that our posterior mean estimator converges in a Reproducing kernel Hilbert space norm, at an optimal rate in $M$ equal to the one in the classical 1-dimensional Kernel Ridge regression. As a byproduct, we show we can obtain a parametric learning rate in $M$ for the posterior marginal variance using $L^{\infty}$ norm, and the rate could also involve $N$ and $L$ (the number of observation time instances for each trajectory), depending on the condition number of the inverse problem. Numerical results on systems that exhibit different swarming behaviors demonstrate efficient learning of our approach from scarce noisy trajectory data.

We consider autocovariance operators of a stationary stochastic process on a Polish space that is embedded into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. We investigate how empirical estimates of these operators converge along realizations of the process under various conditions. In particular, we examine ergodic and strongly mixing processes and obtain several asymptotic results as well as finite sample error bounds. We provide applications of our theory in terms of consistency results for kernel PCA with dependent data and the conditional mean embedding of transition probabilities. Finally, we use our approach to examine the nonparametric estimation of Markov transition operators and highlight how our theory can give a consistency analysis for a large family of spectral analysis methods including kernel-based dynamic mode decomposition.

Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.

多变量功能数据的协方差结构可以高度复杂，特别是如果多变量维度大，则使标准多变量数据的统计方法的扩展到功能数据设置具有挑战性。例如，通过将多变量方法应用于截断的基础扩展系数，最近已经扩展到高斯图形模型。然而，与多变量数据相比的关键难度是协方差操作员紧凑，因此不可逆转。本文中的方法论地解决了多元函数数据的协方差建模的一般问题，特别是特定功能性高斯图形模型。作为第一步，提出了多变量功能数据的协方差运算符的可分离性的新概念，称为部分可分离性，导致这种数据的新型Karhunen-Lo \“Eve型扩展。接下来，示出部分可分离结构是特别有用的，以提供可以用一系列有限维图形模型，每个相同的固定尺寸识别的明确定义的功能高斯图形模型。这通过应用联合图形套索来激发一个简单有效的估计过程。通过在电机任务期间的模拟和分析功能性脑连接的仿真和分析来评估图形模型估计方法的经验性能。通过在电机任务期间的仿真和分析来评估图形模型估计方法的百分比实证性能。

本文研究了基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的基于Laplacian EIGENMAPS（PCR-LE）的主要成分回归的统计性质，这是基于Laplacian Eigenmaps（Le）的非参数回归的方法。 PCR-LE通过投影观察到的响应的向量$ {\ bf y} =（y_1，\ ldots，y_n）$ to to changbood图表拉普拉斯的某些特征向量跨越的子空间。我们表明PCR-Le通过SoboLev空格实现了随机设计回归的最小收敛速率。在设计密度$ P $的足够平滑条件下，PCR-le达到估计的最佳速率（其中已知平方$ l ^ 2 $ norm的最佳速率为$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + d） ）} $）和健美的测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + d）$）。我们还表明PCR-LE是\ EMPH {歧管Adaptive}：即，我们考虑在小型内在维度$ M $的歧管上支持设计的情况，并为PCR-LE提供更快的界限Minimax估计（$ n ^ { - 2s /（2s + m）$）和测试（$ n ^ { - 4s /（4s + m）$）收敛率。有趣的是，这些利率几乎总是比图形拉普拉斯特征向量的已知收敛率更快;换句话说，对于这个问题的回归估计的特征似乎更容易，统计上讲，而不是估计特征本身。我们通过经验证据支持这些理论结果。

我们解决了条件平均嵌入（CME）的内核脊回归估算的一致性，这是给定$ y $ x $的条件分布的嵌入到目标重现内核hilbert space $ hilbert space $ hilbert Space $ \ Mathcal {H} _y $ $ $ $ 。 CME允许我们对目标RKHS功能的有条件期望，并已在非参数因果和贝叶斯推论中使用。我们解决了错误指定的设置，其中目标CME位于Hilbert-Schmidt操作员的空间中，该操作员从$ \ Mathcal {H} _X _x $和$ L_2 $和$ \ MATHCAL {H} _Y $ $之间的输入插值空间起作用。该操作员的空间被证明是新定义的矢量值插值空间的同构。使用这种同构，我们在未指定的设置下为经验CME估计量提供了一种新颖的自适应统计学习率。我们的分析表明，我们的费率与最佳$ o（\ log n / n）$速率匹配，而无需假设$ \ Mathcal {h} _y $是有限维度。我们进一步建立了学习率的下限，这表明所获得的上限是最佳的。

Low-rank matrix approximations, such as the truncated singular value decomposition and the rank-revealing QR decomposition, play a central role in data analysis and scientific computing. This work surveys and extends recent research which demonstrates that randomization offers a powerful tool for performing low-rank matrix approximation. These techniques exploit modern computational architectures more fully than classical methods and open the possibility of dealing with truly massive data sets.This paper presents a modular framework for constructing randomized algorithms that compute partial matrix decompositions. These methods use random sampling to identify a subspace that captures most of the action of a matrix. The input matrix is then compressed-either explicitly or implicitly-to this subspace, and the reduced matrix is manipulated deterministically to obtain the desired low-rank factorization. In many cases, this approach beats its classical competitors in terms of accuracy, speed, and robustness. These claims are supported by extensive numerical experiments and a detailed error analysis.The specific benefits of randomized techniques depend on the computational environment. Consider the model problem of finding the k dominant components of the singular value decomposition of an m × n matrix. (i) For a dense input matrix, randomized algorithms require O(mn log(k)) floating-point operations (flops) in contrast with O(mnk) for classical algorithms. (ii) For a sparse input matrix, the flop count matches classical Krylov subspace methods, but the randomized approach is more robust and can easily be reorganized to exploit multi-processor architectures. (iii) For a matrix that is too large to fit in fast memory, the randomized techniques require only a constant number of passes over the data, as opposed to O(k) passes for classical algorithms. In fact, it is sometimes possible to perform matrix approximation with a single pass over the data.

近年来目睹了采用灵活的机械学习模型进行乐器变量（IV）回归的兴趣，但仍然缺乏不确定性量化方法的发展。在这项工作中，我们为IV次数回归提出了一种新的Quasi-Bayesian程序，建立了最近开发的核化IV模型和IV回归的双/极小配方。我们通过在$ l_2 $和sobolev规范中建立最低限度的最佳收缩率，并讨论可信球的常见有效性来分析所提出的方法的频繁行为。我们进一步推出了一种可扩展的推理算法，可以扩展到与宽神经网络模型一起工作。实证评价表明，我们的方法对复杂的高维问题产生了丰富的不确定性估计。

广义贝叶斯推理使用损失函数而不是可能性的先前信仰更新，因此可以用于赋予鲁棒性，以防止可能的错误规范的可能性。在这里，我们认为广泛化的贝叶斯推论斯坦坦差异作为损失函数的损失，由应用程序的可能性含有难治性归一化常数。在这种情况下，斯坦因差异来避免归一化恒定的评估，并产生封闭形式或使用标准马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗的通用后出版物。在理论层面上，我们显示了一致性，渐近的正常性和偏见 - 稳健性，突出了这些物业如何受到斯坦因差异的选择。然后，我们提供关于一系列棘手分布的数值实验，包括基于内核的指数家庭模型和非高斯图形模型的应用。

对于高维和非参数统计模型，速率最优估计器平衡平方偏差和方差是一种常见的现象。虽然这种平衡被广泛观察到，但很少知道是否存在可以避免偏差和方差之间的权衡的方法。我们提出了一般的策略，以获得对任何估计方差的下限，偏差小于预先限定的界限。这表明偏差差异折衷的程度是不可避免的，并且允许量化不服从其的方法的性能损失。该方法基于许多抽象的下限，用于涉及关于不同概率措施的预期变化以及诸如Kullback-Leibler或Chi-Sque-diversence的信息措施的变化。其中一些不平等依赖于信息矩阵的新概念。在该物品的第二部分中，将抽象的下限应用于几种统计模型，包括高斯白噪声模型，边界估计问题，高斯序列模型和高维线性回归模型。对于这些特定的统计应用，发生不同类型的偏差差异发生，其实力变化很大。对于高斯白噪声模型中集成平方偏置和集成方差之间的权衡，我们将较低界限的一般策略与减少技术相结合。这允许我们将原始问题与估计的估计器中的偏差折衷联动，以更简单的统计模型中具有额外的对称性属性。在高斯序列模型中，发生偏差差异的不同相位转换。虽然偏差和方差之间存在非平凡的相互作用，但是平方偏差的速率和方差不必平衡以实现最小估计速率。

我们严格地证明，如果目标函数具有组成结构，那么深层的过程先验可以超越高斯工艺先验。为此，我们研究了连续回归模型中高斯过程回归后收缩率的信息理论下限。我们表明，如果真实函数是广义的加性函数，那么基于任何平均零高斯过程的后验只能以严格慢的速率恢复真相，而该速率比最小值速率慢了，该因子在样品中多项式次优的因素。尺寸$ n $。

We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.

Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.

我们研究了随机近似程序，以便基于观察来自ergodic Markov链的长度$ n $的轨迹来求近求解$ d -dimension的线性固定点方程。我们首先表现出$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {n}} \ tfrac {d}} \ tfrac {d} {n} $的非渐近性界限。$ t _ {\ mathrm {mix $是混合时间。然后，我们证明了一种在适当平均迭代序列上的非渐近实例依赖性，具有匹配局部渐近最小的限制的领先术语，包括对参数$的敏锐依赖（d，t _ {\ mathrm {mix}}） $以高阶术语。我们将这些上限与非渐近Minimax的下限补充，该下限是建立平均SA估计器的实例 - 最优性。我们通过Markov噪声的政策评估导出了这些结果的推导 - 覆盖了所有$ \ lambda \中的TD（$ \ lambda $）算法，以便[0,1）$ - 和线性自回归模型。我们的实例依赖性表征为HyperParameter调整的细粒度模型选择程序的设计开放了门（例如，在运行TD（$ \ Lambda $）算法时选择$ \ lambda $的值）。

We study a class of dynamical systems modelled as Markov chains that admit an invariant distribution via the corresponding transfer, or Koopman, operator. While data-driven algorithms to reconstruct such operators are well known, their relationship with statistical learning is largely unexplored. We formalize a framework to learn the Koopman operator from finite data trajectories of the dynamical system. We consider the restriction of this operator to a reproducing kernel Hilbert space and introduce a notion of risk, from which different estimators naturally arise. We link the risk with the estimation of the spectral decomposition of the Koopman operator. These observations motivate a reduced-rank operator regression (RRR) estimator. We derive learning bounds for the proposed estimator, holding both in i.i.d. and non i.i.d. settings, the latter in terms of mixing coefficients. Our results suggest RRR might be beneficial over other widely used estimators as confirmed in numerical experiments both for forecasting and mode decomposition.

我们为特殊神经网络架构，称为运营商复发性神经网络的理论分析，用于近似非线性函数，其输入是线性运算符。这些功能通常在解决方案算法中出现用于逆边值问题的问题。传统的神经网络将输入数据视为向量，因此它们没有有效地捕获与对应于这种逆问题中的数据的线性运算符相关联的乘法结构。因此，我们介绍一个类似标准的神经网络架构的新系列，但是输入数据在向量上乘法作用。由较小的算子出现在边界控制中的紧凑型操作员和波动方程的反边值问题分析，我们在网络中的选择权重矩阵中促进结构和稀疏性。在描述此架构后，我们研究其表示属性以及其近似属性。我们还表明，可以引入明确的正则化，其可以从所述逆问题的数学分析导出，并导致概括属性上的某些保证。我们观察到重量矩阵的稀疏性改善了概括估计。最后，我们讨论如何将运营商复发网络视为深度学习模拟，以确定诸如用于从边界测量的声波方程中重建所未知的WAVESTED的边界控制的算法算法。

这项教程调查概述了统计学习理论中最新的非征血性进步与控制和系统识别相关。尽管在所有控制领域都取得了重大进展，但在线性系统的识别和学习线性二次调节器时，该理论是最发达的，这是本手稿的重点。从理论的角度来看，这些进步的大部分劳动都在适应现代高维统计和学习理论的工具。虽然与控制对机器学习的工具感兴趣的理论家高度相关，但基础材料并不总是容易访问。为了解决这个问题，我们提供了相关材料的独立介绍，概述了基于最新结果的所有关键思想和技术机械。我们还提出了许多开放问题和未来的方向。