Anomaly Detection is a relevant problem that arises in numerous real-world applications, especially when dealing with images. However, there has been little research for this task in the Continual Learning setting. In this work, we introduce a novel approach called SCALE (SCALing is Enough) to perform Compressed Replay in a framework for Anomaly Detection in Continual Learning setting. The proposed technique scales and compresses the original images using a Super Resolution model which, to the best of our knowledge, is studied for the first time in the Continual Learning setting. SCALE can achieve a high level of compression while maintaining a high level of image reconstruction quality. In conjunction with other Anomaly Detection approaches, it can achieve optimal results. To validate the proposed approach, we use a real-world dataset of images with pixel-based anomalies, with the scope to provide a reliable benchmark for Anomaly Detection in the context of Continual Learning, serving as a foundation for further advancements in the field.

当前，借助监督学习方法，基于深度学习的视觉检查已取得了非常成功的成功。但是，在实际的工业场景中，缺陷样本的稀缺性，注释的成本以及缺乏缺陷的先验知识可能会使基于监督的方法无效。近年来，无监督的异常定位算法已在工业检查任务中广泛使用。本文旨在通过深入学习在工业图像中无视无视的异常定位中的最新成就来帮助该领域的研究人员。该调查回顾了120多个重要出版物，其中涵盖了异常定位的各个方面，主要涵盖了所审查方法的各种概念，挑战，分类法，基准数据集和定量性能比较。在审查迄今为止的成就时，本文提供了一些未来研究方向的详细预测和分析。这篇综述为对工业异常本地化感兴趣的研究人员提供了详细的技术信息，并希望将其应用于其他领域的异常本质。

Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of catastrophic forgetting, is a hard challenge. Currently, deep learning methods can attain impressive results when the data modeled does not undergo a considerable distributional shift in subsequent learning sessions, but whenever we expose such systems to this incremental setting, performance drop very quickly. Overcoming this limitation is fundamental as it would allow us to build truly intelligent systems showing stability and plasticity. Secondly, it would allow us to overcome the onerous limitation of retraining these architectures from scratch with the new updated data. In this thesis, we tackle the problem from multiple directions. In a first study, we show that in rehearsal-based techniques (systems that use memory buffer), the quantity of data stored in the rehearsal buffer is a more important factor over the quality of the data. Secondly, we propose one of the early works of incremental learning on ViTs architectures, comparing functional, weight and attention regularization approaches and propose effective novel a novel asymmetric loss. At the end we conclude with a study on pretraining and how it affects the performance in Continual Learning, raising some questions about the effective progression of the field. We then conclude with some future directions and closing remarks.

持续学习旨在从一系列任务中学习，能够同时记住新任务和旧任务。尽管提出了许多用于单级分类的方法，但在连续场景中，多标签分类仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。我们第一次在域增量学习方案中研究多标签分类。此外，我们提出了一种有效的方法，该方法在任务数量方面具有对数复杂性，并且也可以在类增量学习方案中应用。我们在包装行业的现实世界多标签警报预测问题上验证了我们的方法。为了重现性，公开可用的数据集和用于实验的代码。

Catastrophic forgetting (CF) happens whenever a neural network overwrites past knowledge while being trained on new tasks. Common techniques to handle CF include regularization of the weights (using, e.g., their importance on past tasks), and rehearsal strategies, where the network is constantly re-trained on past data. Generative models have also been applied for the latter, in order to have endless sources of data. In this paper, we propose a novel method that combines the strengths of regularization and generative-based rehearsal approaches. Our generative model consists of a normalizing flow (NF), a probabilistic and invertible neural network, trained on the internal embeddings of the network. By keeping a single NF throughout the training process, we show that our memory overhead remains constant. In addition, exploiting the invertibility of the NF, we propose a simple approach to regularize the network's embeddings with respect to past tasks. We show that our method performs favorably with respect to state-of-the-art approaches in the literature, with bounded computational power and memory overheads.

与行业4.0的发展相一致，越来越多的关注被表面缺陷检测领域所吸引。提高效率并节省劳动力成本已稳步成为行业领域引起人们关注的问题，近年来，基于深度学习的算法比传统的视力检查方法更好。尽管现有的基于深度学习的算法偏向于监督学习，但这不仅需要大量标记的数据和大量的劳动力，而且还效率低下，并且有一定的局限性。相比之下，最近的研究表明，无监督的学习在解决视觉工业异常检测的高于缺点方面具有巨大的潜力。在这项调查中，我们总结了当前的挑战，并详细概述了最近提出的针对视觉工业异常检测的无监督算法，涵盖了五个类别，其创新点和框架详细描述了。同时，提供了包含表面图像样本的公开可用数据集的信息。通过比较不同类别的方法，总结了异常检测算法的优点和缺点。预计将协助研究社区和行业发展更广泛，更跨域的观点。

机器学习模型通常会遇到与训练分布不同的样本。无法识别分布（OOD）样本，因此将该样本分配给课堂标签会显着损害模​​型的可靠性。由于其对在开放世界中的安全部署模型的重要性，该问题引起了重大关注。由于对所有可能的未知分布进行建模的棘手性，检测OOD样品是具有挑战性的。迄今为止，一些研究领域解决了检测陌生样本的问题，包括异常检测，新颖性检测，一级学习，开放式识别识别和分布外检测。尽管有相似和共同的概念，但分别分布，开放式检测和异常检测已被独立研究。因此，这些研究途径尚未交叉授粉，创造了研究障碍。尽管某些调查打算概述这些方法，但它们似乎仅关注特定领域，而无需检查不同领域之间的关系。这项调查旨在在确定其共同点的同时，对各个领域的众多著名作品进行跨域和全面的审查。研究人员可以从不同领域的研究进展概述中受益，并协同发展未来的方法。此外，据我们所知，虽然进行异常检测或单级学习进行了调查，但没有关于分布外检测的全面或最新的调查，我们的调查可广泛涵盖。最后，有了统一的跨域视角，我们讨论并阐明了未来的研究线，打算将这些领域更加紧密地融为一体。

基于可视异常检测的内存模块的重建方法试图缩小正常样品的重建误差，同时将其放大为异常样品。不幸的是，现有的内存模块不完全适用于异常检测任务，并且异常样品的重建误差仍然很小。为此，这项工作提出了一种新的无监督视觉异常检测方法，以共同学习有效的正常特征并消除不利的重建错误。具体而言，提出了一个新颖的分区内存库（PMB）模块，以有效地学习和存储具有正常样本语义完整性的详细特征。它开发了一种新的分区机制和一种独特的查询生成方法，以保留上下文信息，然后提高内存模块的学习能力。替代探索了拟议的PMB和跳过连接，以使异常样品的重建更糟。为了获得更精确的异常定位结果并解决了累积重建误差的问题，提出了一个新型的直方图误差估计模块，以通过差异图像的直方图自适应地消除了不利的误差。它可以改善异常本地化性能而不会增加成本。为了评估所提出的异常检测和定位方法的有效性，在三个广泛使用的异常检测数据集上进行了广泛的实验。与基于内存模块的最新方法相比，提出的方法的令人鼓舞的性能证明了其优越性。

视频异常检测是现在计算机视觉中的热门研究主题之一，因为异常事件包含大量信息。异常是监控系统中的主要检测目标之一，通常需要实时行动。关于培训的标签数据的可用性（即，没有足够的标记数据进行异常），半监督异常检测方法最近获得了利益。本文介绍了该领域的研究人员，以新的视角，并评论了最近的基于深度学习的半监督视频异常检测方法，基于他们用于异常检测的共同策略。我们的目标是帮助研究人员开发更有效的视频异常检测方法。由于选择右深神经网络的选择对于这项任务的几个部分起着重要作用，首先准备了对DNN的快速比较审查。与以前的调查不同，DNN是从时空特征提取观点审查的，用于视频异常检测。这部分审查可以帮助本领域的研究人员选择合适的网络，以获取其方法的不同部分。此外，基于其检测策略，一些最先进的异常检测方法受到严格调查。审查提供了一种新颖，深入了解现有方法，并导致陈述这些方法的缺点，这可能是未来作品的提示。

Time series anomaly detection has applications in a wide range of research fields and applications, including manufacturing and healthcare. The presence of anomalies can indicate novel or unexpected events, such as production faults, system defects, or heart fluttering, and is therefore of particular interest. The large size and complex patterns of time series have led researchers to develop specialised deep learning models for detecting anomalous patterns. This survey focuses on providing structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art time series anomaly detection models through the use of deep learning. It providing a taxonomy based on the factors that divide anomaly detection models into different categories. Aside from describing the basic anomaly detection technique for each category, the advantages and limitations are also discussed. Furthermore, this study includes examples of deep anomaly detection in time series across various application domains in recent years. It finally summarises open issues in research and challenges faced while adopting deep anomaly detection models.

Neural networks are prone to catastrophic forgetting when trained incrementally on different tasks. Popular incremental learning methods mitigate such forgetting by retaining a subset of previously seen samples and replaying them during the training on subsequent tasks. However, this is not always possible, e.g., due to data protection regulations. In such restricted scenarios, one can employ generative models to replay either artificial images or hidden features to a classifier. In this work, we propose Genifer (GENeratIve FEature-driven image Replay), where a generative model is trained to replay images that must induce the same hidden features as real samples when they are passed through the classifier. Our technique therefore incorporates the benefits of both image and feature replay, i.e.: (1) unlike conventional image replay, our generative model explicitly learns the distribution of features that are relevant for classification; (2) in contrast to feature replay, our entire classifier remains trainable; and (3) we can leverage image-space augmentations, which increase distillation performance while also mitigating overfitting during the training of the generative model. We show that Genifer substantially outperforms the previous state of the art for various settings on the CIFAR-100 and CUB-200 datasets.

Continual Learning is considered a key step toward next-generation Artificial Intelligence. Among various methods, replay-based approaches that maintain and replay a small episodic memory of previous samples are one of the most successful strategies against catastrophic forgetting. However, since forgetting is inevitable given bounded memory and unbounded tasks, how to forget is a problem continual learning must address. Therefore, beyond simply avoiding catastrophic forgetting, an under-explored issue is how to reasonably forget while ensuring the merits of human memory, including 1. storage efficiency, 2. generalizability, and 3. some interpretability. To achieve these simultaneously, our paper proposes a new saliency-augmented memory completion framework for continual learning, inspired by recent discoveries in memory completion separation in cognitive neuroscience. Specifically, we innovatively propose to store the part of the image most important to the tasks in episodic memory by saliency map extraction and memory encoding. When learning new tasks, previous data from memory are inpainted by an adaptive data generation module, which is inspired by how humans complete episodic memory. The module's parameters are shared across all tasks and it can be jointly trained with a continual learning classifier as bilevel optimization. Extensive experiments on several continual learning and image classification benchmarks demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness and efficiency.

异常检测是确定不符合正常数据分布的样品。由于异常数据的无法获得，培训监督的深神经网络是一项繁琐的任务。因此，无监督的方法是解决此任务的常见方法。深度自动编码器已被广泛用作许多无监督的异常检测方法的基础。但是，深层自动编码器的一个显着缺点是，它们通过概括重建异常值来提供不足的表示异常检测的表示。在这项工作中，我们设计了一个对抗性框架，该框架由两个竞争组件组成，一个对抗性变形者和一个自动编码器。对抗性变形器是一种卷积编码器，学会产生有效的扰动，而自动编码器是一个深层卷积神经网络，旨在重建来自扰动潜在特征空间的图像。这些网络经过相反的目标训练，在这种目标中，对抗性变形者会产生用于编码器潜在特征空间的扰动，以最大化重建误差，并且自动编码器试图中和这些扰动的效果以最大程度地减少它。当应用于异常检测时，该提出的方法会由于对特征空间的扰动应用而学习语义上的富裕表示。所提出的方法在图像和视频数据集上的异常检测中优于现有的最新方法。

新奇检测是识别不属于目标类分布的样本的任务。在培训期间，缺乏新颖的课程，防止使用传统分类方法。深度自动化器已被广泛用作许多无监督的新奇检测方法的基础。特别地，上下文自动码器在新颖的检测任务中已经成功了，因为他们通过从随机屏蔽的图像重建原始图像来学习的更有效的陈述。然而，上下文AutoEncoders的显着缺点是随机屏蔽不能一致地涵盖输入图像的重要结构，导致次优表示 - 特别是对于新颖性检测任务。在本文中，为了优化输入掩蔽，我们设计了由两个竞争网络，掩模模块和重建器组成的框架。掩码模块是一个卷积的AutoEncoder，用于生成涵盖最重要的图像的最佳掩码。或者，重建器是卷积编码器解码器，其旨在从屏蔽图像重建未受带的图像。网络训练以侵略的方式训练，其中掩模模块生成应用于给予重构的图像的掩码。以这种方式，掩码模块寻求最大化重建错误的重建错误最小化。当应用于新颖性检测时，与上下文自动置换器相比，所提出的方法学习语义上更丰富的表示，并通过更新的屏蔽增强了在测试时间的新颖性检测。 MNIST和CIFAR-10图像数据集上的新奇检测实验证明了所提出的方法对尖端方法的优越性。在用于新颖性检测的UCSD视频数据集的进一步实验中，所提出的方法实现了最先进的结果。

无监督的异常检测和定位是至关重要的任务，因为不可能收集和标记所有可能的异常。许多研究强调了整合本地和全球信息以实现异常分割的重要性。为此，对变压器的兴趣越来越大，它允许对远程内容相互作用进行建模。但是，对于大多数图像量表而言，通过自我注意力的全球互动通常太贵了。在这项研究中，我们介绍了Haloae，这是第一个基于Halonet的局部2D版本的自动编码器。使用Haloae，我们创建了一个混合模型，该模型结合了卷积和局部2D块的自我发项层，并通过单个模型共同执行异常检测和分割。我们在MVTEC数据集上取得了竞争成果，表明结合变压器的视觉模型可以受益于自我发挥操作的本地计算，并为其他应用铺平道路。

Artificial neural networks thrive in solving the classification problem for a particular rigid task, acquiring knowledge through generalized learning behaviour from a distinct training phase. The resulting network resembles a static entity of knowledge, with endeavours to extend this knowledge without targeting the original task resulting in a catastrophic forgetting. Continual learning shifts this paradigm towards networks that can continually accumulate knowledge over different tasks without the need to retrain from scratch. We focus on task incremental classification, where tasks arrive sequentially and are delineated by clear boundaries. Our main contributions concern (1) a taxonomy and extensive overview of the state-of-the-art; (2) a novel framework to continually determine the stability-plasticity trade-off of the continual learner; (3) a comprehensive experimental comparison of 11 state-of-the-art continual learning methods and 4 baselines. We empirically scrutinize method strengths and weaknesses on three benchmarks, considering Tiny Imagenet and large-scale unbalanced iNaturalist and a sequence of recognition datasets. We study the influence of model capacity, weight decay and dropout regularization, and the order in which the tasks are presented, and qualitatively compare methods in terms of required memory, computation time and storage.

半监督异常检测旨在使用在正常数据上培训的模型来检测来自正常样本的异常。随着近期深度学习的进步，研究人员设计了高效的深度异常检测方法。现有作品通常使用神经网络将数据映射到更具内容性的表示中，然后应用异常检测算法。在本文中，我们提出了一种方法，DASVDD，它共同学习AutoEncoder的参数，同时最小化其潜在表示上的封闭超球的音量。我们提出了一个异常的分数，它是自动化器的重建误差和距离潜在表示中封闭边距中心的距离的组合。尽量减少这种异常的分数辅助我们在培训期间学习正常课程的潜在分布。包括异常分数中的重建错误确保DESVDD不受常见的极度崩溃问题，因为DESVDD模型不会收敛到映射到潜在表示中的恒定点的常量点。几个基准数据集上的实验评估表明，该方法优于常用的最先进的异常检测算法，同时在不同的异常类中保持鲁棒性能。

Anomaly detection and localization are widely used in industrial manufacturing for its efficiency and effectiveness. Anomalies are rare and hard to collect and supervised models easily over-fit to these seen anomalies with a handful of abnormal samples, producing unsatisfactory performance. On the other hand, anomalies are typically subtle, hard to discern, and of various appearance, making it difficult to detect anomalies and let alone locate anomalous regions. To address these issues, we propose a framework called Prototypical Residual Network (PRN), which learns feature residuals of varying scales and sizes between anomalous and normal patterns to accurately reconstruct the segmentation maps of anomalous regions. PRN mainly consists of two parts: multi-scale prototypes that explicitly represent the residual features of anomalies to normal patterns; a multisize self-attention mechanism that enables variable-sized anomalous feature learning. Besides, we present a variety of anomaly generation strategies that consider both seen and unseen appearance variance to enlarge and diversify anomalies. Extensive experiments on the challenging and widely used MVTec AD benchmark show that PRN outperforms current state-of-the-art unsupervised and supervised methods. We further report SOTA results on three additional datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness and generalizability of PRN.

恶意软件（恶意软件）分类为持续学习（CL）制度提供了独特的挑战，这是由于每天收到的新样本的数量以及恶意软件的发展以利用新漏洞。在典型的一天中，防病毒供应商将获得数十万个独特的软件，包括恶意和良性，并且在恶意软件分类器的一生中，有超过十亿个样品很容易积累。鉴于问题的规模，使用持续学习技术的顺序培训可以在减少培训和存储开销方面提供可观的好处。但是，迄今为止，还没有对CL应用于恶意软件分类任务的探索。在本文中，我们研究了11种应用于三个恶意软件任务的CL技术，涵盖了常见的增量学习方案，包括任务，类和域增量学习（IL）。具体而言，使用两个现实的大规模恶意软件数据集，我们评估了CL方法在二进制恶意软件分类（domain-il）和多类恶意软件家庭分类（Task-IL和类IL）任务上的性能。令我们惊讶的是，在几乎所有情况下，持续的学习方法显着不足以使训练数据的幼稚关节重播 - 在某些情况下，将精度降低了70个百分点以上。与关节重播相比，有选择性重播20％的存储数据的一种简单方法可以实现更好的性能，占训练时间的50％。最后，我们讨论了CL技术表现出乎意料差的潜在原因，希望它激发进一步研究在恶意软件分类域中更有效的技术。

我们表明，在AutoEncoders（AE）的潜在空间中使用最近的邻居显着提高了单一和多级上下文中半监督新颖性检测的性能。通过学习来检测新奇的方法，以区分非新颖培训类和所有其他看不见的课程。我们的方法利用了最近邻居的重建和给定输入的潜在表示的潜在邻居的结合。我们证明了我们最近的潜在邻居（NLN）算法是内存和时间效率，不需要大量的数据增强，也不依赖于预先训练的网络。此外，我们表明NLN算法很容易应用于多个数据集而无需修改。此外，所提出的算法对于AutoEncoder架构和重建错误方法是不可知的。我们通过使用重建，剩余或具有一致损耗，验证了多个不同的自动码架构，如诸如香草，对抗和变形自身额度的各种标准数据集的方法。结果表明，NLN算法在多级案例的接收器操作特性（AUROC）曲线性能下授予面积增加17％，为单级新颖性检测8％。