为了减轻从头开始构建知识图(kg)的挑战,更一般的任务是使用开放式语料库中的三元组丰富一个kg,那里获得的三元组包含嘈杂的实体和关系。在保持知识代表的质量的同时,以新收获的三元组丰富一个公园,这是一项挑战。本文建议使用从附加语料库中收集的信息来完善kg的系统。为此,我们将任务制定为两个耦合子任务,即加入事件提取(JEE)和知识图融合(KGF)。然后,我们提出了一个协作知识图融合框架,以允许我们的子任务以交替的方式相互协助。更具体地说,探险家执行了由地面注释和主管提供的现有KG监督的JEE。然后,主管评估了探险家提取的三元组,并用高度排名的人来丰富KG。为了实施此评估,我们进一步提出了一种翻译的关系一致性评分机制,以对齐并将提取的三元组对齐为先前的kg。实验验证了这种合作既可以提高JEE和KGF的表现。
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学术知识图(KGS)提供了代表科学出版物编码的知识的丰富的结构化信息来源。随着出版的科学文学的庞大,包括描述科学概念的过多的非均匀实体和关系,这些公斤本质上是不完整的。我们呈现Exbert,一种利用预先训练的变压器语言模型来执行学术知识图形完成的方法。我们将知识图形的三元组模型为文本并执行三重分类(即,属于KG或不属于KG)。评估表明,在三重分类,链路预测和关系预测的任务中,Exbert在三个学术kg完成数据集中表现出其他基线。此外,我们将两个学术数据集作为研究界的资源,从公共公共公报和在线资源中收集。
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Modern supervised learning neural network models require a large amount of manually labeled data, which makes the construction of domain-specific knowledge graphs time-consuming and labor-intensive. In parallel, although there has been much research on named entity recognition and relation extraction based on distantly supervised learning, constructing a domain-specific knowledge graph from large collections of textual data without manual annotations is still an urgent problem to be solved. In response, we propose an integrated framework for adapting and re-learning knowledge graphs from one coarse domain (biomedical) to a finer-define domain (oncology). In this framework, we apply distant-supervision on cross-domain knowledge graph adaptation. Consequently, no manual data annotation is required to train the model. We introduce a novel iterative training strategy to facilitate the discovery of domain-specific named entities and triples. Experimental results indicate that the proposed framework can perform domain adaptation and construction of knowledge graph efficiently.
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Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.
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知识图表(kg)的表示学习模型已被证明是有效地编码结构信息并在kgs上进行推理。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于知识图表表示学习的新型预训练 - 然后微调框架,其中kg模型首先用三重分类任务预先培训,然后在特定的下游任务上进行判别微调作为实体类型预测和实体对齐。借鉴典型的预训练语言模型学习深层语境化词表示的一般思想,我们提出了学习预先训练的kg表示与目标三重编码的结构和上下文三元组。实验结果表明,微调SCOP不仅优于下游任务组合的基线的结果,而且还避免了特定于特定的特定模型设计和参数培训。
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机器学习方法尤其是深度神经网络取得了巨大的成功,但其中许多往往依赖于一些标记的样品进行训练。在真实世界的应用中,我们经常需要通过例如具有新兴预测目标和昂贵的样本注释的动态上下文来解决样本短缺。因此,低资源学习,旨在学习具有足够资源(特别是培训样本)的强大预测模型,现在正在被广泛调查。在所有低资源学习研究中,许多人更喜欢以知识图(kg)的形式利用一些辅助信息,这对于知识表示变得越来越受欢迎,以减少对标记样本的依赖。在这项调查中,我们非常全面地审查了90美元的报纸关于两个主要的低资源学习设置 - 零射击学习(ZSL)的预测,从未出现过训练,而且很少拍摄的学习(FSL)预测的新类仅具有可用的少量标记样本。我们首先介绍了ZSL和FSL研究中使用的KGS以及现有的和潜在的KG施工解决方案,然后系统地分类和总结了KG感知ZSL和FSL方法,将它们划分为不同的范例,例如基于映射的映射,数据增强,基于传播和基于优化的。我们接下来呈现了不同的应用程序,包括计算机视觉和自然语言处理中的kg增强预测任务,还包括kg完成的任务,以及每个任务的一些典型评估资源。我们最终讨论了一些关于新学习和推理范式的方面的一些挑战和未来方向,以及高质量的KGs的建设。
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事实证明,信息提取方法可有效从结构化或非结构化数据中提取三重。以(头部实体,关系,尾部实体)形式组织这样的三元组的组织称为知识图(kgs)。当前的大多数知识图都是不完整的。为了在下游任务中使用kgs,希望预测kgs中缺少链接。最近,通过将实体和关系嵌入到低维的矢量空间中,旨在根据先前访问的三元组来预测三元组,从而对KGS表示不同的方法。根据如何独立或依赖对三元组进行处理,我们将知识图完成的任务分为传统和图形神经网络表示学习,并更详细地讨论它们。在传统的方法中,每个三重三倍将独立处理,并在基于GNN的方法中进行处理,三倍也考虑了他们的当地社区。查看全文
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知识图完成最近已广泛研究,以通过主要建模图结构特征来完成三元组中的缺失元素,但对图形结构的稀疏性敏感。期望解决这一挑战的相关文本,例如实体名称和描述,充当知识图(kgs)的另一种表达形式(kgs)。已经提出了几种使用两个编码器的结构和文本消息的方法,但由于未能平衡它们之间的权重有限。并在推理期间保留结构和文本编码器,也遭受了沉重的参数。通过知识蒸馏的激励,我们将知识视为从输入到输出概率的映射,并在稀疏的kgs上提出了一个插件框架VEM2L,以将从文本和结构消息提取到统一的知识中融合知识。具体而言,我们将模型获取的知识分配为两个不重叠的部分:一个部分与训练三元组合的合适能力有关,可以通过激励两个编码者互相学习训练集来融合。另一个反映了未观察到的查询的概括能力。相应地,我们提出了一种新的融合策略,该策略由变量EM算法证明,以融合模型的概括能力,在此期间,我们还应用图形致密操作以进一步缓解稀疏的图形问题。通过结合这两种融合方法,我们最终提出了VEM2L框架。详细的理论证据以及定量和定性实验都证明了我们提出的框架的有效性和效率。
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Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.
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事件提取,旨在自动获取文档结构信息的技术,在许多领域中吸引了越来越多的关注。大多数现有工作通过将令牌视为不同的角色,令牌级多标签分类框架讨论此问题,同时忽略文档的编写方式。写作风格是一个特殊的内容,用于组织文件,它是相对固定在具有特殊领域的文档中(例如,财务,医疗文件等)。我们认为写作风格包含重要的线索来判断令牌的角色,这种模式的无知可能导致现有工作的性能下降。为此,我们将文档中的写作风格模拟作为参数角色的分布,即角色排名分配,并提出了一种基于角色排名分布的监督机制的事件提取模型,通过监督培训过程来捕获这种模式事件提取任务。我们将模型与在几个真实世界数据集上的最先进的方法进行比较。经验结果表明,我们的方法优于捕获模式的其他替代品。这验证了写入风格包含可以提高事件提取任务性能的有价值的信息。
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知识图(kgs)将世界知识建模为结构三元组是不可避免的。多模式知识图(MMKGS)仍然存在此类问题。因此,知识图完成(KGC)对于预测现有KG中缺失的三元组至关重要。至于现有的KGC方法,基于嵌入的方法依靠手动设计来利用多模式信息,而基于芬太尼的方法在链接预​​测中并不优于基于嵌入的方法。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个Visualbert增强知识图完成模型(简称VBKGC)。 VBKGC可以为实体捕获深层融合的多模式信息,并将其集成到KGC模型中。此外,我们通过设计一种称为Twins Twins负抽样的新的负抽样策略来实现KGC模型的共同设计和负抽样。双胞胎阴性采样适用于多模式场景,可以对齐实体的不同嵌入。我们进行了广泛的实验,以显示VBKGC在链接预测任务上的出色表现,并进一步探索VBKGC。
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知识图(kg)对齐 - 指识别不同kgs中同一件事的实体的任务 - 被认为是KG构造领域中最重要的操作之一。然而,现有的对齐技术通常假设输入kgs是完整的并且同性的,这是由于域,大小和稀疏性的现实世界异质性而不是真实。在这项工作中,我们解决了与代表学习对齐不完整的KG对齐的问题。我们的KG嵌入式框架利用了两个特征频道:基于传输型和基于接近的。前者通过翻译路径捕获实体之间的一致性约束,而后者通过注意引导关系感知图形神经网络捕获KG的邻域结构。两个特征频道共同学习以在输入kgs之间交换重要特征,同时强制在同一嵌入空间中强制输入kg的输出表示。此外,我们开发了缺失的链接检测器,该探测器发现并恢复培训过程中输入kgs中的缺失链接,这有助于减轻不完整性问题,从而提高学习象征的兼容性。然后将嵌入的熔合融合以生成对准结果,并且高置信匹配节点对被更新为预先调整的监控数据以逐渐改善嵌入。经验结果表明,我们的型号比SOTA更准确,而且对不同级别的不完整性较高,高达15.2 \%。我们还证明了KGS之间交换的知识有助于揭示知识图表(A.K.A.知识完成)的看不见的事实,结果比SOTA知识图形完成技术高3.5 \%。
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近年来,人们对少量知识图(FKGC)的兴趣日益增加,该图表旨在推断出关于该关系的一些参考三元组,从而推断出不见了的查询三倍。现有FKGC方法的主要重点在于学习关系表示,可以反映查询和参考三元组共享的共同信息。为此,这些方法从头部和尾部实体的直接邻居中学习实体对表示,然后汇总参考实体对的表示。但是,只有从直接邻居那里学到的实体对代表可能具有较低的表现力,当参与实体稀疏直接邻居或与其他实体共享一个共同的当地社区。此外,仅仅对头部和尾部实体的语义信息进行建模不足以准确推断其关系信息,尤其是当它们具有多个关系时。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个特定于关系的上下文学习(RSCL)框架,该框架利用了三元组的图形上下文,以学习全球和本地关系特定的表示形式,以使其几乎没有相关关系。具体而言,我们首先提取每个三倍的图形上下文,这可以提供长期实体关系依赖性。为了编码提取的图形上下文,我们提出了一个分层注意网络,以捕获三元组的上下文信息并突出显示实体的有价值的本地邻里信息。最后,我们设计了一个混合注意聚合器,以评估全球和本地级别的查询三元组的可能性。两个公共数据集的实验结果表明,RSCL的表现优于最先进的FKGC方法。
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Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is to embed components of a KG including entities and relations into continuous vector spaces, so as to simplify the manipulation while preserving the inherent structure of the KG. It can benefit a variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion and relation extraction, and hence has quickly gained massive attention. In this article, we provide a systematic review of existing techniques, including not only the state-of-the-arts but also those with latest trends. Particularly, we make the review based on the type of information used in the embedding task. Techniques that conduct embedding using only facts observed in the KG are first introduced. We describe the overall framework, specific model design, typical training procedures, as well as pros and cons of such techniques. After that, we discuss techniques that further incorporate additional information besides facts. We focus specifically on the use of entity types, relation paths, textual descriptions, and logical rules. Finally, we briefly introduce how KG embedding can be applied to and benefit a wide variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion, relation extraction, question answering, and so forth.
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The development of deep neural networks has improved representation learning in various domains, including textual, graph structural, and relational triple representations. This development opened the door to new relation extraction beyond the traditional text-oriented relation extraction. However, research on the effectiveness of considering multiple heterogeneous domain information simultaneously is still under exploration, and if a model can take an advantage of integrating heterogeneous information, it is expected to exhibit a significant contribution to many problems in the world. This thesis works on Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from the literature as a case study and realizes relation extraction utilizing heterogeneous domain information. First, a deep neural relation extraction model is prepared and its attention mechanism is analyzed. Next, a method to combine the drug molecular structure information and drug description information to the input sentence information is proposed, and the effectiveness of utilizing drug molecular structures and drug descriptions for the relation extraction task is shown. Then, in order to further exploit the heterogeneous information, drug-related items, such as protein entries, medical terms and pathways are collected from multiple existing databases and a new data set in the form of a knowledge graph (KG) is constructed. A link prediction task on the constructed data set is conducted to obtain embedding representations of drugs that contain the heterogeneous domain information. Finally, a method that integrates the input sentence information and the heterogeneous KG information is proposed. The proposed model is trained and evaluated on a widely used data set, and as a result, it is shown that utilizing heterogeneous domain information significantly improves the performance of relation extraction from the literature.
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文档级关系提取(RE)旨在确定整个文档中实体之间的关系。它需要复杂的推理能力来综合各种知识,例如核心和常识。大规模知识图(kgs)包含大量现实世界事实,并可以为文档级别提供宝贵的知识。在本文中,我们提出了一个实体知识注入框架,以增强当前的文档级RE模型。具体而言,我们将核心蒸馏引入注入核心知识,并具有更一般的核心推理能力。我们还采用代表对帐来注入事实知识,并将kg表示形式汇总到统一空间中。两个基准数据集的实验验证了我们实体知识注入框架的概括,并对多个文档级RE模型的一致改进。
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Practices in the built environment have become more digitalized with the rapid development of modern design and construction technologies. However, the requirement of practitioners or scholars to gather complicated professional knowledge in the built environment has not been satisfied yet. In this paper, more than 80,000 paper abstracts in the built environment field were obtained to build a knowledge graph, a knowledge base storing entities and their connective relations in a graph-structured data model. To ensure the retrieval accuracy of the entities and relations in the knowledge graph, two well-annotated datasets have been created, containing 2,000 instances and 1,450 instances each in 29 relations for the named entity recognition task and relation extraction task respectively. These two tasks were solved by two BERT-based models trained on the proposed dataset. Both models attained an accuracy above 85% on these two tasks. More than 200,000 high-quality relations and entities were obtained using these models to extract all abstract data. Finally, this knowledge graph is presented as a self-developed visualization system to reveal relations between various entities in the domain. Both the source code and the annotated dataset can be found here: https://github.com/HKUST-KnowComp/BEKG.
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.
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知识图,例如Wikidata,包括结构和文本知识,以表示知识。对于图形嵌入和语言模型的两种方式中的每种方法都可以学习预测新型结构知识的模式。很少有方法与模式结合学习和推断,而这些现有的方法只能部分利用结构和文本知识的相互作用。在我们的方法中,我们以单个方式的现有强烈表示为基础,并使用超复杂代数来表示(i),(i),单模式嵌入以及(ii),不同方式之间的相互作用及其互补的知识表示手段。更具体地说,我们建议4D超复合数的二脑和四个元素表示,以整合四个模态,即结构知识图形嵌入,单词级表示(例如\ word2vec,fastText,fastText),句子级表示(句子transformer)和文档级表示(句子级别)(句子级别)(句子级表示)(句子变压器,doc2vec)。我们的统一矢量表示通过汉密尔顿和二脑产物进行标记的边缘的合理性,从而对不同模态之间的成对相互作用进行建模。对标准基准数据集的广泛实验评估显示了我们两个新模型的优越性,除了稀疏的结构知识外,还可以提高链接预测任务中的性能。
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在文档级事件提取(DEE)任务中,事件参数始终散布在句子(串行问题)中,并且多个事件可能存在于一个文档(多事件问题)中。在本文中,我们认为事件参数的关系信息对于解决上述两个问题具有重要意义,并提出了一个新的DEE框架,该框架可以对关系依赖关系进行建模,称为关系授权的文档级事件提取(REDEE)。更具体地说,该框架具有一种新颖的量身定制的变压器,称为关系增强的注意变形金刚(RAAT)。 RAAT可扩展以捕获多尺度和多启动参数关系。为了进一步利用关系信息,我们介绍了一个单独的事件关系预测任务,并采用多任务学习方法来显式增强事件提取性能。广泛的实验证明了该方法的有效性,该方法可以在两个公共数据集上实现最新性能。我们的代码可在https:// github上找到。 com/tencentyouturesearch/raat。
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