尽管与专家标签相比,众包平台通常用于收集用于培训机器学习模型的数据集,尽管标签不正确。有两种常见的策略来管理这种噪音的影响。第一个涉及汇总冗余注释,但以较少的例子为代价。其次,先前的作品还考虑使用整个注释预算来标记尽可能多的示例,然后应用Denoising算法来隐式清洁数据集。我们找到了一个中间立场,并提出了一种方法,该方法保留了一小部分注释,以明确清理高度可能的错误样本以优化注释过程。特别是,我们分配了标签预算的很大一部分,以形成用于训练模型的初始数据集。然后,该模型用于确定最有可能是不正确的特定示例,我们将剩余预算用于重新标记。在三个模型变化和四个自然语言处理任务上进行的实验表明,当分配相同的有限注释预算时,旨在处理嘈杂标签的标签聚合和高级denoising方法均优于标签聚合或匹配。
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Training dialogue systems often entails dealing with noisy training examples and unexpected user inputs. Despite their prevalence, there currently lacks an accurate survey of dialogue noise, nor is there a clear sense of the impact of each noise type on task performance. This paper addresses this gap by first constructing a taxonomy of noise encountered by dialogue systems. In addition, we run a series of experiments to show how different models behave when subjected to varying levels of noise and types of noise. Our results reveal that models are quite robust to label errors commonly tackled by existing denoising algorithms, but that performance suffers from dialogue-specific noise. Driven by these observations, we design a data cleaning algorithm specialized for conversational settings and apply it as a proof-of-concept for targeted dialogue denoising.
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We show that large pre-trained language models are inherently highly capable of identifying label errors in natural language datasets: simply examining out-of-sample data points in descending order of fine-tuned task loss significantly outperforms more complex error-detection mechanisms proposed in previous work. To this end, we contribute a novel method for introducing realistic, human-originated label noise into existing crowdsourced datasets such as SNLI and TweetNLP. We show that this noise has similar properties to real, hand-verified label errors, and is harder to detect than existing synthetic noise, creating challenges for model robustness. We argue that human-originated noise is a better standard for evaluation than synthetic noise. Finally, we use crowdsourced verification to evaluate the detection of real errors on IMDB, Amazon Reviews, and Recon, and confirm that pre-trained models perform at a 9-36% higher absolute Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve than existing models.
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注释数据是用于培训和评估机器学习模型的自然语言处理中的重要成分。因此,注释具有高质量是非常理想的。但是,最近的工作表明,几个流行的数据集包含令人惊讶的注释错误或不一致之处。为了减轻此问题,多年来已经设计了许多注释错误检测方法。尽管研究人员表明他们的方法在新介绍的数据集上效果很好,但他们很少将其方法与以前的工作或同一数据集进行比较。这引起了人们对方法的一般表现的强烈关注,并且使他们的优势和劣势很难解决。因此,我们重新实现18种检测潜在注释错误的方法,并在9个英语数据集上对其进行评估,以进行文本分类以及令牌和跨度标签。此外,我们定义了统一的评估设置,包括注释错误检测任务,评估协议和一般最佳实践的新形式化。为了促进未来的研究和可重复性,我们将数据集和实施释放到易于使用和开源软件包中。
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我们提出了Patron,这是一种新方法,它使用基于及时的不确定性估计,用于在冷启动场景下进行预训练的语言模型进行微调的数据选择,即,没有初始标记的数据可用。在顾客中,我们设计(1)一种基于迅速的不确定性传播方法来估计数据点的重要性和(2)分区 - 然后 - 剥离(PTR)策略,以促进对注释的样品多样性。六个文本分类数据集的实验表明,赞助人的表现优于最强的冷启动数据选择基准,高达6.9%。此外,仅具有128个标签,顾客分别基于香草微调和及时的学习,获得了91.0%和92.1%的全面监督性能。我们的赞助人实施可在\ url {https://github.com/yueyu1030/patron}上获得。
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尽管在许多自然语言处理(NLP)任务中进行了预先训练的语言模型(LMS),但它们需要过多标记的数据来进行微调以实现令人满意的性能。为了提高标签效率,研究人员采取了活跃的学习(AL),而大多数事先工作则忽略未标记数据的潜力。要释放未标记数据的强大功能以获得更好的标签效率和模型性能,我们开发ATM,一个新的框架,它利用自我训练来利用未标记的数据,并且对于特定的AL算法不可知,用作改善现有的插件模块Al方法。具体地,具有高不确定性的未标记数据暴露于Oracle以进行注释,而具有低不确定性的人则可用于自培训。为了缓解自我训练中的标签噪声传播问题,我们设计一个简单且有效的基于动量的内存库,可以动态地从所有轮次汇总模型预测。通过广泛的实验,我们证明了ATM优于最强大的积极学习和自我训练基线,平均将标签效率提高51.9%。
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情绪分析通常是许多注释器给出的主观标签的众群任务。尚未完全理解每个注释器的注释偏差如何使用最先进的方法正确建模。但是,精确且可靠地解决了注释偏见是了解注释器标记行为的关键,并成功解决有关注释任务的相应个人误解和不法行为。我们的贡献是精确神经端到端偏置建模和地面真理估计的解释和改进,这减少了对现有最先进的现有的不期望的不匹配。分类实验表明,在每个样品仅被一个单个注释器注释的情况下,它具有提高准确性。我们公开提供整个源代码,并释放包含10,000个句子的自己的域特定情绪数据集,讨论有机食品。这些蔓延从社交媒体上爬行,并由10名非专家注释器单独标记。
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As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.
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人工智能的最新趋势是将验证的模型用于语言和视觉任务,这些模型已经实现了非凡的表现,但也令人困惑。因此,以各种方式探索这些模型的能力对该领域至关重要。在本文中,我们探讨了模型的可靠性,在其中我们将可靠的模型定义为一个不仅可以实现强大的预测性能,而且在许多涉及不确定性(例如选择性预测,开放式设置识别)的决策任务上,在许多决策任务上表现出色,而且表现良好。强大的概括(例如,准确性和适当的评分规则,例如在分布数据集中和分发数据集上的对数可能性)和适应性(例如,主动学习,几乎没有射击不确定性)。我们设计了40个数据集的10种任务类型,以评估视觉和语言域上可靠性的不同方面。为了提高可靠性,我们分别开发了VIT-PLEX和T5-PLEX,分别针对视觉和语言方式扩展了大型模型。 PLEX极大地改善了跨可靠性任务的最先进,并简化了传统协议,因为它可以改善开箱即用的性能,并且不需要设计分数或为每个任务调整模型。我们演示了高达1B参数的模型尺寸的缩放效果,并预处理数据集大小最多4B示例。我们还展示了PLEX在具有挑战性的任务上的功能,包括零射门的开放式识别,主动学习和对话语言理解中的不确定性。
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在过去的十年中,计算机愿景,旨在了解视觉世界的人工智能分支,从简单地识别图像中的物体来描述图片,回答有关图像的问题,以及围绕物理空间的机器人操纵甚至产生新的视觉内容。随着这些任务和应用程序的现代化,因此依赖更多数据,用于模型培训或评估。在本章中,我们展示了新颖的互动策略可以为计算机愿景提供新的数据收集和评估。首先,我们提出了一种众群界面,以通过数量级加速付费数据收集,喂养现代视觉模型的数据饥饿性质。其次,我们探索使用自动社交干预措施增加志愿者贡献的方法。第三,我们开发一个系统,以确保人类对生成视觉模型的评估是可靠的,实惠和接地在心理物理学理论中。我们结束了人机互动的未来机会,以帮助计算机愿景。
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主动学习(al)试图通过标记最少的样本来最大限度地提高模型的性能增益。深度学习(DL)是贪婪的数据,需要大量的数据电源来优化大量参数,因此模型了解如何提取高质量功能。近年来,由于互联网技术的快速发展,我们处于信息种类的时代,我们有大量的数据。通过这种方式,DL引起了研究人员的强烈兴趣,并已迅速发展。与DL相比,研究人员对Al的兴趣相对较低。这主要是因为在DL的崛起之前,传统的机器学习需要相对较少的标记样品。因此,早期的Al很难反映其应得的价值。虽然DL在各个领域取得了突破,但大多数这一成功都是由于大量现有注释数据集的宣传。然而,收购大量高质量的注释数据集消耗了很多人力,这在某些领域不允许在需要高专业知识,特别是在语音识别,信息提取,医学图像等领域中, al逐渐受到适当的关注。自然理念是AL是否可用于降低样本注释的成本,同时保留DL的强大学习能力。因此,已经出现了深度主动学习(DAL)。虽然相关的研究非常丰富,但它缺乏对DAL的综合调查。本文要填补这一差距,我们为现有工作提供了正式的分类方法,以及全面和系统的概述。此外,我们还通过申请的角度分析并总结了DAL的发展。最后,我们讨论了DAL中的混乱和问题,为DAL提供了一些可能的发展方向。
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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我们提出了一种整体方法,用于构建一个可实现的自然语言分类系统,以实现现实世界中的内容适度。这样一个系统的成功依赖于一系列精心设计和执行的步骤,包括内容分类法和标签说明的设计,数据质量控制,主动学习管道以捕获罕见事件以及使模型可靠的各种方法并避免过度拟合。我们的审核系统经过培训,可以检测一系列不希望的内容,包括性内容,可恨的内容,暴力,自我伤害和骚扰。这种方法概括为各种不同的内容分类法,可用于创建优于现成模型的高质量内容分类器。
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Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being finetuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has given rise to a diversity of approaches, methodology, and practice. In this paper, we explore the landscape of transfer learning techniques for NLP by introducing a unified framework that converts all text-based language problems into a text-to-text format. Our systematic study compares pre-training objectives, architectures, unlabeled data sets, transfer approaches, and other factors on dozens of language understanding tasks. By combining the insights from our exploration with scale and our new "Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus", we achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmarks covering summarization, question answering, text classification, and more. To facilitate future work on transfer learning for NLP, we release our data set, pre-trained models, and code.
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随着时间的推移,保持语言技术的性能是很好的实际兴趣。在这里,我们在涉及系统性能的时间效果,建立更细微的术语,用于讨论该主题和适当的实验设计,以支持有关观察到的现象的效果的调查。我们提出了一系列与由大型神经预磨削表示的系统进行用于英语的系统,证明{\ EM时间模型恶化}并不像较大的关注,有一些模型实际上在从稍后的时间段绘制的数据上进行测试时改善。然而,{\ EM时间域自适应}是有益的,当系统在时间上训练时,可以更好地进行给定时间段的性能更好。我们的实验表明,在预磨削表示时,时间模型劣化和时间域适应之间的区别变得突出。最后,我们研究了两种方法对时间域适应的效果,没有人为的新数据的注释,自我标签证明是优于持续的预训练。值得注意的是,对于命名实体识别,自我标签导致比人类注释更好的时间适应。
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巨大的努力已经致力于创造高性能的少量学习者,即表现良好的培训数据的模型。培训大规模预训练语言模型(PLMS)产生了重大成本,但利用基于PLM的少量学习者由于其巨大尺寸而仍然具有挑战性。这项工作侧重于一个至关重要的问题:如何有效地利用这几个射门学习者?我们提出LMTurk,这是一种像众包工人一样对待几次射门学习者的新方法。理由是,众群工人实际上是几次学习者:他们被示出了一些说明性的例子来了解任务,然后开始注释。LMTurk聘请了几枪就是在PLMS作为工人的学习者。我们表明,由此产生的注释可以用来培训解决任务的模型,并且足够小,可以在实际情况下部署。完全,LMTurk是朝着有效利用当前PLM的少量学习者的重要一步。
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标记数据可以是昂贵的任务,因为它通常由域专家手动执行。对于深度学习而言,这是繁琐的,因为它取决于大型标记的数据集。主动学习(AL)是一种范式,旨在通过仅使用二手车型认为最具信息丰富的数据来减少标签努力。在文本分类设置中,在AL上完成了很少的研究,旁边没有涉及最近的最先进的自然语言处理(NLP)模型。在这里,我们介绍了一个实证研究,可以将基于不确定性的基于不确定性的算法与Bert $ _ {base} $相比,作为使用的分类器。我们评估两个NLP分类数据集的算法:斯坦福情绪树木银行和kvk-Front页面。此外,我们探讨了旨在解决不确定性的al的预定问题的启发式;即,它是不可规范的,并且易于选择异常值。此外,我们探讨了查询池大小对al的性能的影响。虽然发现,AL的拟议启发式没有提高AL的表现;我们的结果表明,使用BERT $ _ {Base} $概率使用不确定性的AL。随着查询池大小变大,性能的这种差异可以减少。
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积极的学习有效地收集了无标记的数据以进行注释,从而减少了对标记数据的需求。在这项工作中,我们建议以局部灵敏度和硬度感知的获取功能检索未标记的样品。所提出的方法通过局部扰动生成数据副本,并选择其预测可能性与其副本最大的数据点。我们通过注入选择的情况扰动来进一步增强我们的采集功能。我们的方法可以在各种分类任务中对常用的活跃学习策略获得一致的收益。此外,我们在基于迅速的几次学习中迅速选择的研究中观察到对基准的持续改进。这些实验表明,我们以局部敏感性和硬度为指导的获取对许多NLP任务都是有效和有益的。
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Data Augmentation (DA) is frequently used to automatically provide additional training data without extra human annotation. However, data augmentation may introduce noisy data that impairs training. To guarantee the quality of augmented data, existing methods either assume no noise exists in the augmented data and adopt consistency training or use simple heuristics such as training loss and diversity constraints to filter out ``noisy'' data. However, those filtered examples may still contain useful information, and dropping them completely causes loss of supervision signals. In this paper, based on the assumption that the original dataset is cleaner than the augmented data, we propose an on-the-fly denoising technique for data augmentation that learns from soft augmented labels provided by an organic teacher model trained on the cleaner original data. A simple self-regularization module is applied to force the model prediction to be consistent across two distinct dropouts to further prevent overfitting on noisy labels. Our method can be applied to augmentation techniques in general and can consistently improve the performance on both text classification and question-answering tasks.
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Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.
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