Objective: Evictions are involved in a cascade of negative events that can lead to unemployment, homelessness, long-term poverty, and mental health problems. In this study, we developed a natural language processing system to automatically detect eviction incidences and their attributes from electronic health record (EHR) notes. Materials and Methods: We annotated eviction status in 5000 EHR notes from the Veterans Health Administration. We developed a novel model, called Knowledge Injection based on Ripple Effects of Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health (KIRESH), that has shown to substantially outperform other state-of-the-art models such as fine-tuning pre-trained language models like BioBERT and Bio_ClinicalBERT. Moreover, we designed a prompt to further improve the model performance by using the intrinsic connection between the two sub-tasks of eviction presence and period prediction. Finally, we used the Temperature Scaling-based Calibration on our KIRESH-Prompt method to avoid over-confidence issues arising from the imbalance dataset. Results: KIRESH-Prompt achieved a Macro-F1 of 0.6273 (presence) and 0.7115 (period), which was significantly higher than 0.5382 (presence) and 0.67167 (period) for just fine-tuning Bio_ClinicalBERT model. Conclusion and Future Work: KIRESH-Prompt has substantially improved eviction status classification. In future work, we will evaluate the generalizability of the model framework to other applications.

长期以来，共同基金或交易所交易基金（ETF）的分类已为财务分析师提供服务，以进行同行分析，以从竞争对手分析开始到量化投资组合多元化。分类方法通常依赖于从n-1a表格中提取的结构化格式的基金组成数据。在这里，我们启动一项研究，直接从使用自然语言处理（NLP）的表格中描绘的非结构化数据中学习分类系统。将输入数据仅作为表格中报告的投资策略描述，而目标变量是Lipper全球类别，并且使用各种NLP模型，我们表明，分类系统确实可以通过高准确率。我们讨论了我们发现的含义和应用，以及现有的预培训架构的局限性在应用它们以学习基金分类时。

立场检测旨在确定文本的作者是否赞成，反对或中立。这项任务的主要挑战是两个方面的：由于不同目标以及缺乏目标的上下文信息而产生的几乎没有学习。现有作品主要通过设计基于注意力的模型或引入嘈杂的外部知识来解决第二期，而第一个问题仍未探索。在本文中，受到预训练的语言模型（PLM）的潜在能力（PLM）的启发，我们建议介绍基于立场检测的及时基于迅速的微调。 PLM可以为目标提供基本的上下文信息，并通过提示启用几次学习。考虑到目标在立场检测任务中的关键作用，我们设计了目标感知的提示并提出了一种新颖的语言。我们的语言器不会将每个标签映射到具体单词，而是将每个标签映射到矢量，并选择最能捕获姿势与目标之间相关性的标签。此外，为了减轻通过单人工提示来处理不同目标的可能缺陷，我们建议将信息从多个提示中学到的信息提炼。实验结果表明，我们提出的模型在全数据和少数场景中的表现出色。

Importance: Social determinants of health (SDOH) are known to be associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviors, but few studies utilized SDOH from unstructured electronic health record (EHR) notes. Objective: To investigate associations between suicide and recent SDOH, identified using structured and unstructured data. Design: Nested case-control study. Setting: EHR data from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Participants: 6,122,785 Veterans who received care in the US VHA between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2015. Exposures: Occurrence of SDOH over a maximum span of two years compared with no occurrence of SDOH. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cases of suicide deaths were matched with 4 controls on birth year, cohort entry date, sex, and duration of follow-up. We developed an NLP system to extract SDOH from unstructured notes. Structured data, NLP on unstructured data, and combining them yielded seven, eight and nine SDOH respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: In our cohort, 8,821 Veterans committed suicide during 23,725,382 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate 37.18 /100,000 person-years). Our cohort was mostly male (92.23%) and white (76.99%). Across the six common SDOH as covariates, NLP-extracted SDOH, on average, covered 84.38% of all SDOH occurrences. All SDOH, measured by structured data and NLP, were significantly associated with increased risk of suicide. The SDOH with the largest effects was legal problems (aOR=2.67, 95% CI=2.46-2.89), followed by violence (aOR=2.26, 95% CI=2.11-2.43). NLP-extracted and structured SDOH were also associated with suicide. Conclusions and Relevance: NLP-extracted SDOH were always significantly associated with increased risk of suicide among Veterans, suggesting the potential of NLP in public health studies.

现在，越来越多的人依靠在线平台来满足其健康信息需求。因此，确定不一致或矛盾的文本健康信息已成为一项关键的任务。健康建议数据提出了一个独特的挑战，在一个诊断的背景下，在另一个诊断的背景下是准确的信息。例如，患有糖尿病和高血压的人通常会在饮食方面得到矛盾的健康建议。这激发了对可以提供上下文化的，特定于用户的健康建议的技术的需求。朝着情境化建议迈出的关键一步是能够比较健康建议陈述并检测它们是否以及如何冲突的能力。这是健康冲突检测（HCD）的任务。鉴于两个健康建议，HCD的目标是检测和分类冲突的类型。这是一项具有挑战性的任务，因为（i）自动识别和分类冲突需要更深入地了解文本的语义，并且（ii）可用数据的数量非常有限。在这项研究中，我们是第一个在预先训练的语言模型的背景下探索HCD的人。我们发现，Deberta-V3在所有实验中的平均F1得分为0.68。我们还研究了不同冲突类型所带来的挑战，以及合成数据如何改善模型对冲突特定语义的理解。最后，我们强调了收集实际健康冲突的困难，并提出了一种人类的合成数据增强方法来扩展现有的HCD数据集。我们的HCD培训数据集比现有的HCD数据集大2倍以上，并在GitHub上公开可用。

计算文本表型是从临床注释中鉴定出患有某些疾病和特征的患者的实践。由于很少有用于机器学习的案例和域专家的数据注释需求，因此难以识别的罕见疾病要确定。我们提出了一种使用本体论和弱监督的方法，并具有来自双向变压器（例如BERT）的最新预训练的上下文表示。基于本体的框架包括两个步骤：（i）文本到umls，通过上下文将提及与统一医学语言系统（UMLS）中的概念链接到命名的实体识别和链接（NER+L）工具，SemeHR中提取表型。 ，以及具有自定义规则和上下文提及表示的弱监督； （ii）UMLS-to-to-ordo，将UMLS概念与孤子罕见疾病本体论（ORDO）中的罕见疾病相匹配。提出了弱监督的方法来学习一个表型确认模型，以改善链接的文本对umls，而没有域专家的注释数据。我们评估了来自美国和英国两个机构的三个出院摘要和放射学报告的临床数据集的方法。我们最好的弱监督方法获得了81.4％的精度和91.4％的召回，从模仿III出院摘要中提取罕见疾病UMLS表型。总体管道处理临床笔记可以表面罕见疾病病例，其中大部分在结构化数据（手动分配的ICD代码）中没有受到平衡。关于模仿III和NHS Tayside的放射学报告的结果与放电摘要一致。我们讨论了弱监督方法的有用性，并提出了未来研究的方向。

This paper investigates models of event implications. Specifically, how well models predict entity state-changes, by targeting their understanding of physical attributes. Nominally, Large Language models (LLM) have been exposed to procedural knowledge about how objects interact, yet our benchmarking shows they fail to reason about the world. Conversely, we also demonstrate that existing approaches often misrepresent the surprising abilities of LLMs via improper task encodings and that proper model prompting can dramatically improve performance of reported baseline results across multiple tasks. In particular, our results indicate that our prompting technique is especially useful for unseen attributes (out-of-domain) or when only limited data is available.

The strong few-shot in-context learning capability of large pre-trained language models (PLMs) such as GPT-3 is highly appealing for application domains such as biomedicine, which feature high and diverse demands of language technologies but also high data annotation costs. In this paper, we present the first systematic and comprehensive study to compare the few-shot performance of GPT-3 in-context learning with fine-tuning smaller (i.e., BERT-sized) PLMs on two highly representative biomedical information extraction tasks, named entity recognition and relation extraction. We follow the true few-shot setting to avoid overestimating models' few-shot performance by model selection over a large validation set. We also optimize GPT-3's performance with known techniques such as contextual calibration and dynamic in-context example retrieval. However, our results show that GPT-3 still significantly underperforms compared to simply fine-tuning a smaller PLM. In addition, GPT-3 in-context learning also yields smaller gains in accuracy when more training data becomes available. Our in-depth analyses further reveal issues of the in-context learning setting that may be detrimental to information extraction tasks in general. Given the high cost of experimenting with GPT-3, we hope our study provides guidance for biomedical researchers and practitioners towards more promising directions such as fine-tuning small PLMs.

预先接受的语言模型实现了最先进的导致各种自然语言处理（NLP）任务。 GPT-3表明，缩放预先训练的语言模型可以进一步利用它们的巨大潜力。最近提出了一个名为Ernie 3.0的统一框架，以预先培训大型知识增强型号，并培训了具有10亿参数的模型。 Ernie 3.0在各种NLP任务上表现出最先进的模型。为了探讨缩放的表现，我们培养了百卢比的3.0泰坦参数型号，在PaddlePaddle平台上有高达260亿参数的泰坦。此外，我们设计了一种自我监督的对抗性损失和可控语言建模损失，以使ERNIE 3.0 TITAN产生可信和可控的文本。为了减少计算开销和碳排放，我们向Ernie 3.0泰坦提出了一个在线蒸馏框架，教师模型将同时教授学生和培训。埃塞尼3.0泰坦是迄今为止最大的中国密集预训练模型。经验结果表明，Ernie 3.0泰坦在68个NLP数据集中优于最先进的模型。

Automatic International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding aims to assign multiple ICD codes to a medical note with an average of 3,000+ tokens. This task is challenging due to the high-dimensional space of multi-label assignment (155,000+ ICD code candidates) and the long-tail challenge - Many ICD codes are infrequently assigned yet infrequent ICD codes are important clinically. This study addresses the long-tail challenge by transforming this multi-label classification task into an autoregressive generation task. Specifically, we first introduce a novel pretraining objective to generate free text diagnoses and procedure using the SOAP structure, the medical logic physicians use for note documentation. Second, instead of directly predicting the high dimensional space of ICD codes, our model generates the lower dimension of text descriptions, which then infer ICD codes. Third, we designed a novel prompt template for multi-label classification. We evaluate our Generation with Prompt model with the benchmark of all code assignment (MIMIC-III-full) and few shot ICD code assignment evaluation benchmark (MIMIC-III-few). Experiments on MIMIC-III-few show that our model performs with a marco F1 30.2, which substantially outperforms the previous MIMIC-III-full SOTA model (marco F1 4.3) and the model specifically designed for few/zero shot setting (marco F1 18.7). Finally, we design a novel ensemble learner, a cross attention reranker with prompts, to integrate previous SOTA and our best few-shot coding predictions. Experiments on MIMIC-III-full show that our ensemble learner substantially improves both macro and micro F1, from 10.4 to 14.6 and from 58.2 to 59.1, respectively.

近年来，我们看到了处理敏感个人信息的应用程序（包括对话系统）的指数增长。这已经揭示了在虚拟环境中有关个人数据保护的极为重要的问题。首先，性能模型应该能够区分敏感内容与中性句子的句子。其次，它应该能够识别其中包含的个人数据类别的类型。这样，可以考虑每个类别的不同隐私处理。在文献中，如果有关于自动敏感数据识别的作品，则通常在没有共同基准的不同域或语言上进行。为了填补这一空白，在这项工作中，我们介绍了SPEDAC，这是一个新的注释基准，用于识别敏感的个人数据类别。此外，我们提供了对数据集的广泛评估，该数据集使用不同的基准和基于Roberta的分类器进行的，这是一种神经体系结构，在检测敏感句子和个人数据类别的分类方面实现了强大的性能。

Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text. Their analysis, which is at the center of legal practice, becomes increasingly elaborate as these collections grow in size. Natural language understanding (NLU) technologies can be a valuable tool to support legal practitioners in these endeavors. Their usefulness, however, largely depends on whether current state-of-the-art models can generalize across various tasks in the legal domain. To answer this currently open question, we introduce the Legal General Language Understanding Evaluation (LexGLUE) benchmark, a collection of datasets for evaluating model performance across a diverse set of legal NLU tasks in a standardized way. We also provide an evaluation and analysis of several generic and legal-oriented models demonstrating that the latter consistently offer performance improvements across multiple tasks.

A long-running goal of the clinical NLP community is the extraction of important variables trapped in clinical notes. However, roadblocks have included dataset shift from the general domain and a lack of public clinical corpora and annotations. In this work, we show that large language models, such as InstructGPT, perform well at zero- and few-shot information extraction from clinical text despite not being trained specifically for the clinical domain. Whereas text classification and generation performance have already been studied extensively in such models, here we additionally demonstrate how to leverage them to tackle a diverse set of NLP tasks which require more structured outputs, including span identification, token-level sequence classification, and relation extraction. Further, due to the dearth of available data to evaluate these systems, we introduce new datasets for benchmarking few-shot clinical information extraction based on a manual re-annotation of the CASI dataset for new tasks. On the clinical extraction tasks we studied, the GPT-3 systems significantly outperform existing zero- and few-shot baselines.

电子医疗记录（EMRS）包含对医学研究人员具有巨大潜在价值的临床叙述文本。但是，将该信息与个人身份信息（PII）混合，这会给患者和临床医生机密的风险带来风险。本文介绍了端到端的去除识别框架，以自动从医院排放摘要中删除PII。我们的语料库包括600名医院出院摘要，该摘要是从澳大利亚悉尼的两家主要推荐医院的EMRS中提取的。我们的端到端去识别框架由三个组件组成：1）注释：使用五个预定类别的600家医院放电摘要标记PII：人，地址，出生日期，识别号码，电话号码; 2）建模：培训六个命名实体识别（NER）深度学习基础 - 平衡和不平衡数据集;并评估组合所有六种基础型号的合奏，这三种基础模型，具有最佳的F1分数和三种基础型号，分别使用令牌级多数投票和堆叠方法分别具有最佳的召回分数; 3）去鉴定：从医院排放摘要中移除PII。我们的研究结果表明，使用堆叠支持向量机（SVM）方法在三种基础上使用最佳F1分数的堆栈模型实现了优异的结果，在我们的语料库的测试组上的F1得分为99.16％。我们还评估了2014年I2B2去识别数据集上的建模组件的稳健性。我们在所有六种基础型号上使用令牌级多数投票方法的集合模型，在严格的实体匹配中实现了96.24％的最高F1得分，并且在二进制令牌级匹配中的最高F1得分为98.64％，而二进制符合两个州-Of-最现实的方法。该框架提供了一种强大的解决方案，可以安全地去识别临床叙述文本。

Two key obstacles in biomedical relation extraction (RE) are the scarcity of annotations and the prevalence of instances without explicitly pre-defined labels due to low annotation coverage. Existing approaches, which treat biomedical RE as a multi-class classification task, often result in poor generalization in low-resource settings and do not have the ability to make selective prediction on unknown cases but give a guess from seen relations, hindering the applicability of those approaches. We present NBR, which converts biomedical RE as natural language inference formulation through indirect supervision. By converting relations to natural language hypotheses, NBR is capable of exploiting semantic cues to alleviate annotation scarcity. By incorporating a ranking-based loss that implicitly calibrates abstinent instances, NBR learns a clearer decision boundary and is instructed to abstain on uncertain instances. Extensive experiments on three widely-used biomedical RE benchmarks, namely ChemProt, DDI and GAD, verify the effectiveness of NBR in both full-set and low-resource regimes. Our analysis demonstrates that indirect supervision benefits biomedical RE even when a domain gap exists, and combining NLI knowledge with biomedical knowledge leads to the best performance gains.

迅速的学习方法通​​过诱导更好的几次表现，在他们仍然遵循基于参数的学习范式的同时，引起了自然语言处理的波动。学习中的遗忘和死记硬背的记忆问题可能会遇到不稳定的概括问题。具体而言，香草及时的学习可能难以利用死记硬背的非典型实例，在完全监督的培训或过度贴身模式的情况下使用低射击数据。为了减轻此类局限性，我们以将知识从记忆中解耦的动机发展为有助于模型在概括和记忆之间取得平衡。与香草及时学习相反，重新启动构造了培训实例中的开放式知识店，并在输入，培训和推理过程中实现检索机制，从而使该模型能够从培训语料库中检索相关环境作为能力为提示增强。广泛的实验表明，Retroppt可以在几次射击和零拍设置中获得更好的性能。此外，我们进一步说明，我们提出的撤退可以通过新数据集获得更好的概括能力。对记忆的详细分析确实显示逆转可以减少语言模型对记忆的依赖；因此，改善下游任务的概括。

Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) achieve remarkable performance on many downstream tasks, but may fail in giving reliable estimates of their predictive uncertainty. Given the lack of a comprehensive understanding of PLMs calibration, we take a close look into this new research problem, aiming to answer two questions: (1) Do PLMs learn to become calibrated in the training process? (2) How effective are existing calibration methods? For the first question, we conduct fine-grained control experiments to study the dynamic change in PLMs' calibration performance in training. We consider six factors as control variables, including dataset difficulty, available training samples, training steps, the number of tunable parameters, model scale, and pretraining. In experiments, we observe a consistent change in calibration performance across six factors. We find that PLMs don't learn to become calibrated in training, evidenced by the continual increase in confidence, no matter the predictions are correct or not. We highlight that our finding presents some contradiction with two established conclusions: (a) Larger PLMs are more calibrated; (b) Pretraining improves model calibration. Next, we study the effectiveness of existing calibration methods in mitigating the overconfidence issue, in both in-distribution and various out-of-distribution settings. Besides unlearnable calibration methods, we adapt two recently proposed learnable methods that directly collect data to train models to have reasonable confidence estimations. Also, we propose extended learnable methods based on existing ones to further improve or maintain PLMs calibration without sacrificing the original task performance. Experimental results show that learnable methods significantly reduce PLMs' confidence in wrong predictions, and our methods exhibit superior performance compared with previous methods.

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

对于自然语言处理中的许多任务，将知识从一个域转移到另一个领域至关重要，尤其是当目标域中的可用数据量受到限制时。在这项工作中，我们在指定实体识别（NER）的背景下提出了一种新颖的域适应方法。我们提出了一种两步方法，该方法由可变基本模块和模板模块组成，该模块在简单的描述模式的帮助下利用了预训练的语言模型中捕获的知识。我们的方法简单而通用，可以在几次射击和零拍设置中应用。评估我们在许多不同数据集中的轻量级方法表明，它可以将最新基准的性能提高2-5％的F1分数。