作为一个与现实世界互动的虚拟世界,元媒体封装了我们对下一代互联网的期望,同时带来了新的关键绩效指标(KPIS)。常规的超级可靠和低延迟通信(URLLC)可以满足绝大多数客观服务KPI,但是很难为用户提供个性化的荟萃服务体验。由于提高经验质量(QOE)可以被视为当务之急的KPI,因此URLLC朝向下一代URLLC(XURLLC),以支持基于图形技术的荟萃分析。通过将更多资源分配给用户更感兴趣的虚拟对象,可以实现更高的QoE。在本文中,我们研究了元服务提供商(MSP)和网络基础架构提供商(INP)之间的相互作用,以部署Metaverse Xurllc服务。提供了最佳合同设计框架。具体而言,将最大化的MSP的实用程序定义为元用户的QOE的函数,同时确保INP的激励措施。为了建模Metaverse Xurllc服务的Qoe,我们提出了一个名为Meta Immersion的新颖指标,该指标既包含了客观网络KPI和元用户的主观感觉。使用用户对象注意级别(UOAL)数据集,我们开发并验证了注意力吸引人的渲染能力分配方案以改善QOE。结果表明,与常规的URLLC相比,Xurllc平均提高了20.1%的QoE改善。当总资源有限时,QoE改进的比例较高,例如40%。
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在支持计算和通信技术的支持下,元评估有望为用户带来前所未有的服务体验。但是,元用户数量的增加对网络资源的需求量很大,尤其是用于基于图形扩展现实并需要渲染大量虚拟对象的荟萃分析服务。为了有效利用网络资源并改善体验质量(QOE),我们设计了一个注意力吸引网络资源分配方案,以实现定制的元评估服务。目的是将更多的网络资源分配给用户更感兴趣的虚拟对象。我们首先讨论与荟萃服务有关的几种关键技术,包括QOE分析,眼睛跟踪和远程渲染。然后,我们查看现有的数据集,并提出用户对象注意级别(UOAL)数据集,该数据集包含30个用户对1,000张图像中96个对象的地面意义。提供有关如何使用UOAL的教程。在UOAL的帮助下,我们提出了一种注意力感知的网络资源分配算法,该算法有两个步骤,即注意力预测和QOE最大化。特别是,我们概述了两种类型的注意力预测方法的设计,即兴趣感知和时间感知预测。通过使用预测的用户对象 - 注意值,可以最佳分配边缘设备的渲染能力等网络资源以最大化QOE。最后,我们提出了与荟萃服务有关的有前途的研究指示。
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Semantic communication (SemCom) and edge computing are two disruptive solutions to address emerging requirements of huge data communication, bandwidth efficiency and low latency data processing in Metaverse. However, edge computing resources are often provided by computing service providers and thus it is essential to design appealingly incentive mechanisms for the provision of limited resources. Deep learning (DL)- based auction has recently proposed as an incentive mechanism that maximizes the revenue while holding important economic properties, i.e., individual rationality and incentive compatibility. Therefore, in this work, we introduce the design of the DLbased auction for the computing resource allocation in SemComenabled Metaverse. First, we briefly introduce the fundamentals and challenges of Metaverse. Second, we present the preliminaries of SemCom and edge computing. Third, we review various incentive mechanisms for edge computing resource trading. Fourth, we present the design of the DL-based auction for edge resource allocation in SemCom-enabled Metaverse. Simulation results demonstrate that the DL-based auction improves the revenue while nearly satisfying the individual rationality and incentive compatibility constraints.
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联邦学习(FL)变得流行,并在训练大型机器学习(ML)模型的情况下表现出很大的潜力,而不会使所有者的原始数据曝光。在FL中,数据所有者可以根据其本地数据培训ML模型,并且仅将模型更新发送到模型更新,而不是原始数据到模型所有者进行聚合。为了提高模型准确性和培训完成时间的学习绩效,招募足够的参与者至关重要。同时,数据所有者是理性的,可能不愿意由于资源消耗而参与协作学习过程。为了解决这些问题,最近有各种作品旨在激励数据业主贡献其资源。在本文中,我们为文献中提出的经济和游戏理论方法提供了全面的审查,以设计刺激数据业主参加流程培训过程的各种计划。特别是,我们首先在激励机制设计中常用的佛罗里达州的基础和背景,经济理论。然后,我们审查博弈理论和经济方法应用于FL的激励机制的应用。最后,我们突出了一些开放的问题和未来关于FL激励机制设计的研究方向。
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在本文中,我们旨在改善干扰限制的无线网络中超级可靠性和低延迟通信(URLLC)的服务质量(QoS)。为了在通道连贯性时间内获得时间多样性,我们首先提出了一个随机重复方案,该方案随机将干扰能力随机。然后,我们优化了每个数据包的保留插槽数量和重复数量,以最大程度地减少QoS违规概率,该概率定义为无法实现URLLC的用户百分比。我们构建了一个级联的随机边缘图神经网络(REGNN),以表示重复方案并开发一种无模型的无监督学习方法来训练它。我们在对称场景中使用随机几何形状分析了QoS违规概率,并应用基于模型的详尽搜索(ES)方法来找到最佳解决方案。仿真结果表明,在对称方案中,通过模型学习方法和基于模型的ES方法实现的QoS违规概率几乎相同。在更一般的情况下,级联的Regnn在具有不同尺度,网络拓扑,细胞密度和频率重复使用因子的无线网络中很好地概括了。在模型不匹配的情况下,它的表现优于基于模型的ES方法。
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随着数据生成越来越多地在没有连接连接的设备上进行,因此与机器学习(ML)相关的流量将在无线网络中无处不在。许多研究表明,传统的无线协议高效或不可持续以支持ML,这创造了对新的无线通信方法的需求。在这项调查中,我们对最先进的无线方法进行了详尽的审查,这些方法是专门设计用于支持分布式数据集的ML服务的。当前,文献中有两个明确的主题,模拟的无线计算和针对ML优化的数字无线电资源管理。这项调查对这些方法进行了全面的介绍,回顾了最重要的作品,突出了开放问题并讨论了应用程序方案。
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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预计未来的无线网络将支持各种移动服务,包括人工智能(AI)服务和无处不在的数据传输。联合学习(FL)作为一种革命性的学习方法,可以跨分布式移动边缘设备进行协作AI模型培训。通过利用多访问通道的叠加属性,无线计算允许同时通过同一无线电资源从大型设备上传,因此大大降低了FL的通信成本。在本文中,我们研究了移动边缘网络中的无线信息和传统信息传输(IT)的共存。我们提出了一个共存的联合学习和信息传输(CFLIT)通信框架,其中FL和IT设备在OFDM系统中共享无线频谱。在此框架下,我们旨在通过优化长期无线电资源分配来最大化IT数据速率并确保给定的FL收敛性能。限制共存系统频谱效率的主要挑战在于,由于服务器和边缘设备之间的频繁通信以进行FL模型聚合,因此发生的大开销。为了应对挑战,我们严格地分析了计算与通信比对无线褪色通道中无线FL融合的影响。该分析揭示了存在最佳计算与通信比率的存在,该比率最大程度地降低了空中FL所需的无线电资源量,以收敛到给定的错误公差。基于分析,我们提出了一种低复杂性在线算法,以共同优化FL设备和IT设备的无线电资源分配。广泛的数值模拟验证了FL和IT设备在无线蜂窝系统中共存的拟议设计的出色性能。
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本文研究了一个新的多设备边缘人工智能(AI)系统,该系统共同利用AI模型分配推理和集成感应和通信(ISAC),以在网络边缘启用低延迟智能服务。在此系统中,多个ISAC设备执行雷达传感以获取多视图数据,然后将提取功能的量化版本卸载到集中式边缘服务器,该功能基于级联功能向量进行模型推断。在此设置和考虑分类任务下,我们通过采用近似但可拖动的度量,即判别增益来衡量推理的准确性,该指标定义为在归一化协方差下欧几里得特征空间中两个类别的距离。为了最大化判别增益,我们首先用衍生的封闭形式表达来量化感应,计算和通信过程的影响。然后,通过将这三个过程集成到联合设计中来开发面向任务的端到端资源管理方法。然而,这种集成的感应,计算和通信(ISCC)设计方法然而,由于判别增益的复杂形式和设备异质性在渠道增益,量化水平和生成的功能方面,导致了具有挑战性的非凸优化问题子集。值得注意的是,可以根据比率方法来最佳解决所考虑的非凸问题。这给出了最佳ISCC方案,该方案共同确定多个设备的传输功率和时间分配,以进行传感和通信,以及它们的量化位分配以进行计算失真控制。通过将人类运动识别作为具体的AI推理任务,进行了广泛的实验来验证我们衍生的最佳ISCC方案的性能。
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.
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互联网连接系统的指数增长产生了许多挑战,例如频谱短缺问题,需要有效的频谱共享(SS)解决方案。复杂和动态的SS系统可以接触不同的潜在安全性和隐私问题,需要保护机制是自适应,可靠和可扩展的。基于机器学习(ML)的方法经常提议解决这些问题。在本文中,我们对最近的基于ML的SS方法,最关键的安全问题和相应的防御机制提供了全面的调查。特别是,我们详细说明了用于提高SS通信系统的性能的最先进的方法,包括基于ML基于ML的基于的数据库辅助SS网络,ML基于基于的数据库辅助SS网络,包括基于ML的数据库辅助的SS网络,基于ML的LTE-U网络,基于ML的环境反向散射网络和其他基于ML的SS解决方案。我们还从物理层和基于ML算法的相应防御策略的安全问题,包括主要用户仿真(PUE)攻击,频谱感测数据伪造(SSDF)攻击,干扰攻击,窃听攻击和隐私问题。最后,还给出了对ML基于ML的开放挑战的广泛讨论。这种全面的审查旨在为探索新出现的ML的潜力提供越来越复杂的SS及其安全问题,提供基础和促进未来的研究。
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联邦元学习(FML)已成为应对当今边缘学习竞技场中的数据限制和异质性挑战的承诺范式。然而,其性能通常受到缓慢的收敛性和相应的低通信效率的限制。此外,由于可用的无线电频谱和物联网设备的能量容量通常不足,因此在在实际无线网络中部署FML时,控制资源分配和能量消耗是至关重要的。为了克服挑战,在本文中,我们严格地分析了每个设备对每轮全球损失减少的贡献,并使用非统一的设备选择方案开发FML算法(称为Nufm)以加速收敛。之后,我们制定了集成NuFM在多通道无线系统中的资源分配问题,共同提高收敛速率并最小化壁钟时间以及能量成本。通过逐步解构原始问题,我们设计了一个联合设备选择和资源分配策略,以解决理论保证问题。此外,我们表明Nufm的计算复杂性可以通过$ O(d ^ 2)$至$ o(d)$(使用模型维度$ d $)通过组合两个一阶近似技术来降低。广泛的仿真结果表明,与现有基线相比,所提出的方法的有效性和优越性。
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Technology advancements in wireless communications and high-performance Extended Reality (XR) have empowered the developments of the Metaverse. The demand for Metaverse applications and hence, real-time digital twinning of real-world scenes is increasing. Nevertheless, the replication of 2D physical world images into 3D virtual world scenes is computationally intensive and requires computation offloading. The disparity in transmitted scene dimension (2D as opposed to 3D) leads to asymmetric data sizes in uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). To ensure the reliability and low latency of the system, we consider an asynchronous joint UL-DL scenario where in the UL stage, the smaller data size of the physical world scenes captured by multiple extended reality users (XUs) will be uploaded to the Metaverse Console (MC) to be construed and rendered. In the DL stage, the larger-size 3D virtual world scenes need to be transmitted back to the XUs. The decisions pertaining to computation offloading and channel assignment are optimized in the UL stage, and the MC will optimize power allocation for users assigned with a channel in the UL transmission stage. Some problems arise therefrom: (i) interactive multi-process chain, specifically Asynchronous Markov Decision Process (AMDP), (ii) joint optimization in multiple processes, and (iii) high-dimensional objective functions, or hybrid reward scenarios. To ensure the reliability and low latency of the system, we design a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm structure, namely Asynchronous Actors Hybrid Critic (AAHC). Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared to proposed baselines, AAHC obtains better solutions with preferable training time.
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随着物联网(IoT)和5G/6G无线通信的进步,近年来,移动计算的范式已经显着发展,从集中式移动云计算到分布式雾计算和移动边缘计算(MEC)。 MEC将计算密集型任务推向网络的边缘,并将资源尽可能接近端点,以解决有关存储空间,资源优化,计算性能和效率方面的移动设备缺点。与云计算相比,作为分布式和更紧密的基础架构,MEC与其他新兴技术的收敛性,包括元元,6G无线通信,人工智能(AI)和区块链,也解决了网络资源分配的问题,更多的网络负载,更多的网络负载,以及延迟要求。因此,本文研究了用于满足现代应用程序严格要求的计算范例。提供了MEC在移动增强现实(MAR)中的应用程序方案。此外,这项调查提出了基于MEC的元元的动机,并将MEC的应用介绍给了元元。特别强调上述一组技术融合,例如6G具有MEC范式,通过区块链加强MEC等。
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In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.
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迄今为止,通信系统主要旨在可靠地交流位序列。这种方法提供了有效的工程设计,这些设计对消息的含义或消息交换所旨在实现的目标不可知。但是,下一代系统可以通过将消息语义和沟通目标折叠到其设计中来丰富。此外,可以使这些系统了解进行交流交流的环境,从而为新颖的设计见解提供途径。本教程总结了迄今为止的努力,从早期改编,语义意识和以任务为导向的通信开始,涵盖了基础,算法和潜在的实现。重点是利用信息理论提供基础的方法,以及学习在语义和任务感知通信中的重要作用。
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在6G无线通信网络中,按需服务提供是一个至关重要的问题,因为新兴服务的需求大大不同,并且网络资源变得越来越异质和动态。在本文中,我们研究了按需无线资源编排问题,重点是编排决策过程的计算延迟。具体而言,我们将决策延迟延迟到优化问题。然后,提出了一个基于动态的神经网络(DYNN)的方法,可以根据服务要求调整模型复杂性。我们进一步建立一个知识库,代表服务需求之间的关系,可用的计算资源和资源分配绩效。通过利用知识,可以及时选择DYNN的宽度,从而进一步提高编排的性能。仿真结果表明,所提出的方案大大优于传统的静态神经网络,并且在按需服务提供方面也表现出足够的灵活性。
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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Recent technological advancements in space, air and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called "space-air-ground integrated network" (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, the real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a major barrier for realizing such SAGINs. Compared to the space and terrestrial components, UAVs are expected to meet performance requirements with high flexibility and dynamics using limited resources. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of recent learning-based algorithmic approaches. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit (MAB), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, which can be applicable to various UAV-assisted missions on a SAGIN using these algorithms. We simulate users and environments according to real-world scenarios and compare the learning-based and PSO-based methods in terms of throughput, load, fairness, computation time, etc. We also implement and evaluate the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) variations of these algorithms to reflect different deployment cases. Our simulation suggests that the $3$D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms the other approaches for various metrics in most cases. We discuss some open challenges at the end and our findings aim to provide design guidelines for algorithm selections while optimizing the deployment of UAV-assisted SAGINs.
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