We present a framework for efficient inference in structured image models that explicitly reason about objects. We achieve this by performing probabilistic inference using a recurrent neural network that attends to scene elements and processes them one at a time. Crucially, the model itself learns to choose the appropriate number of inference steps. We use this scheme to learn to perform inference in partially specified 2D models (variable-sized variational auto-encoders) and fully specified 3D models (probabilistic renderers). We show that such models learn to identify multiple objects -counting, locating and classifying the elements of a scenewithout any supervision, e.g., decomposing 3D images with various numbers of objects in a single forward pass of a neural network at unprecedented speed. We further show that the networks produce accurate inferences when compared to supervised counterparts, and that their structure leads to improved generalization.

从感知输入中学习通用表示是人类智力的标志。例如，人们可以通过将这些任务描述为相同的通用基础过程的不同实例来写出数字或字符，甚至绘制涂鸦，即不同形式的笔画的组成布置。至关重要的是，学会（例如写作）学习完成一项任务意味着由于这个共同的过程，在绘画中（绘图）意味着合理的能力。我们介绍了分布（DOOD）的图形，这是一种基于中风的图形的神经符号生成模型，可以学习这种通用用途。与先前的工作相反，DOOD直接在图像上运行，不需要监督或昂贵的测试时间推理，并且使用符号中风模型执行无监督的摊销推断，从而更好地实现了可解释性和概括性。我们评估了DOOD在数据和任务中概括的能力。我们首先执行从一个数据集（例如MNIST）到另一个数据集（例如QuickDraw），跨五个不同数据集的零射击传输，并显示DOOD明显优于不同基线的DOOD。对学习表示的分析进一步凸显了采用符号中风模型的好处。然后，我们采用Omniglot挑战任务的子集，并评估其生成新的示例（无论是无条件和有条件地）的能力，并执行一声分类，表明DOOD与最先进的状态相匹配。综上所述，我们证明了DOOD确实确实在数据和任务中捕获了通用表示形式，并迈出了迈向建立一般和健壮的概念学习系统的进一步步骤。

为了帮助代理在其构建块方面的场景的原因，我们希望提取任何给定场景的组成结构（特别是包括场景的对象的配置和特征）。当需要推断出现在代理的位置/观点的同时需要推断场景结构时，这个问题特别困难，因为两个变量共同引起代理人的观察。我们提出了一个无监督的变分方法来解决这个问题。利用不同场景存在的共享结构，我们的模型学会从RGB视频输入推断出两组潜在表示：一组“对象”潜伏，对应于场景的时间不变，对象级内容，如以及一组“帧”潜伏，对应于全局时变元素，例如视点。这种潜水所的分解允许我们的模型Simone，以单独的方式表示对象属性，其不依赖于视点。此外，它允许我们解解对象动态，并将其轨迹总结为时间抽象的，查看 - 不变，每个对象属性。我们在三个程序生成的视频数据集中展示了这些功能，以及在查看合成和实例分段方面的模型的性能。

The success of machine learning algorithms generally depends on data representation, and we hypothesize that this is because different representations can entangle and hide more or less the different explanatory factors of variation behind the data. Although specific domain knowledge can be used to help design representations, learning with generic priors can also be used, and the quest for AI is motivating the design of more powerful representation-learning algorithms implementing such priors. This paper reviews recent work in the area of unsupervised feature learning and deep learning, covering advances in probabilistic models, auto-encoders, manifold learning, and deep networks. This motivates longer-term unanswered questions about the appropriate objectives for learning good representations, for computing representations (i.e., inference), and the geometrical connections between representation learning, density estimation and manifold learning.

Human perception is structured around objects which form the basis for our higher-level cognition and impressive systematic generalization abilities. Yet most work on representation learning focuses on feature learning without even considering multiple objects, or treats segmentation as an (often supervised) preprocessing step. Instead, we argue for the importance of learning to segment and represent objects jointly. We demonstrate that, starting from the simple assumption that a scene is composed of multiple entities, it is possible to learn to segment images into interpretable objects with disentangled representations. Our method learns -without supervision -to inpaint occluded parts, and extrapolates to scenes with more objects and to unseen objects with novel feature combinations. We also show that, due to the use of iterative variational inference, our system is able to learn multi-modal posteriors for ambiguous inputs and extends naturally to sequences.

We marry ideas from deep neural networks and approximate Bayesian inference to derive a generalised class of deep, directed generative models, endowed with a new algorithm for scalable inference and learning. Our algorithm introduces a recognition model to represent an approximate posterior distribution and uses this for optimisation of a variational lower bound. We develop stochastic backpropagation -rules for gradient backpropagation through stochastic variables -and derive an algorithm that allows for joint optimisation of the parameters of both the generative and recognition models. We demonstrate on several real-world data sets that by using stochastic backpropagation and variational inference, we obtain models that are able to generate realistic samples of data, allow for accurate imputations of missing data, and provide a useful tool for high-dimensional data visualisation.

当前独立于域的经典计划者需要问题域和实例作为输入的符号模型，从而导致知识采集瓶颈。同时，尽管深度学习在许多领域都取得了重大成功，但知识是在与符号系统（例如计划者）不兼容的亚符号表示中编码的。我们提出了Latplan，这是一种无监督的建筑，结合了深度学习和经典计划。只有一组未标记的图像对，显示了环境中允许的过渡子集（训练输入），Latplan学习了环境的完整命题PDDL动作模型。稍后，当给出代表初始状态和目标状态（计划输入）的一对图像时，Latplan在符号潜在空间中找到了目标状态的计划，并返回可视化的计划执行。我们使用6个计划域的基于图像的版本来评估LATPLAN：8个插头，15个式嘴，Blockworld，Sokoban和两个LightsOut的变体。

随机过程提供了数学上优雅的方式模型复杂数据。从理论上讲，它们为可以编码广泛有趣的假设的功能类提供了灵活的先验。但是，实际上，难以通过优化或边缘化来有效推断，这一问题进一步加剧了大数据和高维输入空间。我们提出了一种新颖的变性自动编码器（VAE），称为先前的编码变量自动编码器（$ \ pi $ vae）。 $ \ pi $ vae是有限的交换且Kolmogorov一致的，因此是一个连续的随机过程。我们使用$ \ pi $ vae学习功能类的低维嵌入。我们表明，我们的框架可以准确地学习表达功能类，例如高斯流程，也可以学习函数的属性以启用统计推断（例如log高斯过程的积分）。对于流行的任务，例如空间插值，$ \ pi $ vae在准确性和计算效率方面都达到了最先进的性能。也许最有用的是，我们证明了所学的低维独立分布的潜在空间表示提供了一种优雅，可扩展的方法，可以在概率编程语言（例如Stan）中对随机过程进行贝叶斯推断。

这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多，所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例，以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中，我们将看看物理丢失约束，更紧密耦合的学习算法，具有可微分的模拟，以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期：这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。

项目反应理论（IRT）是一个无处不在的模型，可以根据他们对问题的回答理解人类行为和态度。大型现代数据集为捕捉人类行为的更多细微差别提供了机会，从而有可能改善心理测量模型，从而改善科学理解和公共政策。但是，尽管较大的数据集允许采用更灵活的方法，但许多用于拟合IRT模型的当代算法也可能具有禁止现实世界应用的巨大计算需求。为了解决这种瓶颈，我们引入了IRT的变异贝叶斯推理算法，并表明它在不牺牲准确性的情况下快速可扩展。将此方法应用于认知科学和教育的五个大规模项目响应数据集中，比替代推理算法更高的对数可能性和更高的准确性。然后，使用这种新的推论方法，我们将IRT概括为具有表现力的贝叶斯响应模型，利用深度学习的最新进展来捕获具有神经网络的非线性项目特征曲线（ICC）。使用TIMSS的特定级数学测试，我们显示我们的非线性IRT模型可以捕获有趣的不对称ICC。该算法实现是开源的，易于使用。

这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识，以在自己的项目中使用机器学习，并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中，我们讨论受监督，无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始，例如原理分析，T-SNE，聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构，例如密集的进料和常规神经网络，经常性的神经网络，受限的玻尔兹曼机器，（变性）自动编码器，生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题，并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习，我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。

不确定性在未来预测中起关键作用。未来是不确定的。这意味着可能有很多可能的未来。未来的预测方法应涵盖坚固的全部可能性。在自动驾驶中，涵盖预测部分中的多种模式对于做出安全至关重要的决策至关重要。尽管近年来计算机视觉系统已大大提高，但如今的未来预测仍然很困难。几个示例是未来的不确定性，全面理解的要求以及嘈杂的输出空间。在本论文中，我们通过以随机方式明确地对运动进行建模并学习潜在空间中的时间动态，从而提出了解决这些挑战的解决方案。

Unsupervised learning with generative models has the potential of discovering rich representations of 3D scenes. While geometric deep learning has explored 3Dstructure-aware representations of scene geometry, these models typically require explicit 3D supervision. Emerging neural scene representations can be trained only with posed 2D images, but existing methods ignore the three-dimensional structure of scenes. We propose Scene Representation Networks (SRNs), a continuous, 3Dstructure-aware scene representation that encodes both geometry and appearance. SRNs represent scenes as continuous functions that map world coordinates to a feature representation of local scene properties. By formulating the image formation as a differentiable ray-marching algorithm, SRNs can be trained end-toend from only 2D images and their camera poses, without access to depth or shape. This formulation naturally generalizes across scenes, learning powerful geometry and appearance priors in the process. We demonstrate the potential of SRNs by evaluating them for novel view synthesis, few-shot reconstruction, joint shape and appearance interpolation, and unsupervised discovery of a non-rigid face model. 1

How can we perform efficient inference and learning in directed probabilistic models, in the presence of continuous latent variables with intractable posterior distributions, and large datasets? We introduce a stochastic variational inference and learning algorithm that scales to large datasets and, under some mild differentiability conditions, even works in the intractable case. Our contributions is two-fold. First, we show that a reparameterization of the variational lower bound yields a lower bound estimator that can be straightforwardly optimized using standard stochastic gradient methods. Second, we show that for i.i.d. datasets with continuous latent variables per datapoint, posterior inference can be made especially efficient by fitting an approximate inference model (also called a recognition model) to the intractable posterior using the proposed lower bound estimator. Theoretical advantages are reflected in experimental results.

机器学习的最近进步已经创造了利用一类基于坐标的神经网络来解决视觉计算问题的兴趣，该基于坐标的神经网络在空间和时间跨空间和时间的场景或对象的物理属性。我们称之为神经领域的这些方法已经看到在3D形状和图像的合成中成功应用，人体的动画，3D重建和姿势估计。然而，由于在短时间内的快速进展，许多论文存在，但尚未出现全面的审查和制定问题。在本报告中，我们通过提供上下文，数学接地和对神经领域的文学进行广泛综述来解决这一限制。本报告涉及两种维度的研究。在第一部分中，我们通过识别神经字段方法的公共组件，包括不同的表示，架构，前向映射和泛化方法来专注于神经字段的技术。在第二部分中，我们专注于神经领域的应用在视觉计算中的不同问题，超越（例如，机器人，音频）。我们的评论显示了历史上和当前化身的视觉计算中已覆盖的主题的广度，展示了神经字段方法所带来的提高的质量，灵活性和能力。最后，我们展示了一个伴随着贡献本综述的生活版本，可以由社区不断更新。

与CNN的分类，分割或对象检测相比，生成网络的目标和方法根本不同。最初，它们不是作为图像分析工具，而是生成自然看起来的图像。已经提出了对抗性训练范式来稳定生成方法，并已被证明是非常成功的 - 尽管绝不是第一次尝试。本章对生成对抗网络（GAN）的动机进行了基本介绍，并通​​过抽象基本任务和工作机制并得出了早期实用方法的困难来追溯其成功的道路。将显示进行更稳定的训练方法，也将显示出不良收敛及其原因的典型迹象。尽管本章侧重于用于图像生成和图像分析的gan，但对抗性训练范式本身并非特定于图像，并且在图像分析中也概括了任务。在将GAN与最近进入场景的进一步生成建模方法进行对比之前，将闻名图像语义分割和异常检测的架构示例。这将允许对限制的上下文化观点，但也可以对gans有好处。

We present a principled approach to incorporating labels in VAEs that captures the rich characteristic information associated with those labels. While prior work has typically conflated these by learning latent variables that directly correspond to label values, we argue this is contrary to the intended effect of supervision in VAEs-capturing rich label characteristics with the latents. For example, we may want to capture the characteristics of a face that make it look young, rather than just the age of the person. To this end, we develop the CCVAE, a novel VAE model and concomitant variational objective which captures label characteristics explicitly in the latent space, eschewing direct correspondences between label values and latents. Through judicious structuring of mappings between such characteristic latents and labels, we show that the CCVAE can effectively learn meaningful representations of the characteristics of interest across a variety of supervision schemes. In particular, we show that the CCVAE allows for more effective and more general interventions to be performed, such as smooth traversals within the characteristics for a given label, diverse conditional generation, and transferring characteristics across datapoints.

Figure 1: DeepSDF represents signed distance functions (SDFs) of shapes via latent code-conditioned feed-forward decoder networks. Above images are raycast renderings of DeepSDF interpolating between two shapes in the learned shape latent space. Best viewed digitally.

现代深度学习方法构成了令人难以置信的强大工具，以解决无数的挑战问题。然而，由于深度学习方法作为黑匣子运作，因此与其预测相关的不确定性往往是挑战量化。贝叶斯统计数据提供了一种形式主义来理解和量化与深度神经网络预测相关的不确定性。本教程概述了相关文献和完整的工具集，用于设计，实施，列车，使用和评估贝叶斯神经网络，即使用贝叶斯方法培训的随机人工神经网络。

The combination of machine learning models with physical models is a recent research path to learn robust data representations. In this paper, we introduce p$^3$VAE, a generative model that integrates a perfect physical model which partially explains the true underlying factors of variation in the data. To fully leverage our hybrid design, we propose a semi-supervised optimization procedure and an inference scheme that comes along meaningful uncertainty estimates. We apply p$^3$VAE to the semantic segmentation of high-resolution hyperspectral remote sensing images. Our experiments on a simulated data set demonstrated the benefits of our hybrid model against conventional machine learning models in terms of extrapolation capabilities and interpretability. In particular, we show that p$^3$VAE naturally has high disentanglement capabilities. Our code and data have been made publicly available at https://github.com/Romain3Ch216/p3VAE.