最近的证据表明,SARS-COV-2是2020年导致全球大流行病的病毒,主要经由室内环境中的空气机气溶胶传播。在评估和控制建筑物的室内空气质量(IAQ)时,这需要新颖的策略。 IAQ通常可以通过通风和/或政策来控制以调节人建筑物相互作用。然而,在建筑物中,占用者使用其他方式使用房间,可能并不明显哪种措施或对措施的组合导致成本和能源有效的解决方案,确保整个建筑物的良好IAQ。因此,在本文中,我们介绍了一种基于代理的模拟器,亚拟合,旨在帮助通过估计足够的房间尺寸,通风参数和测试政策的效果来帮助创造新的或适应现有建筑物,同时考虑到IAQ的结果复杂的人建筑物相互作用模式。最近公开的气溶胶模型适于计算每个房间中的时间依赖性二氧化碳($ CO_2 $)和病毒量子浓度,每天吸入$ CO_2 $和病毒量子,作为生理反应的衡量标准。由于其模块化架构,Archabm对气溶胶模型和建筑布局具有灵活性,这允许实现进一步的模型,任何数字和房间,代理和操作的行动,反映人建筑物交互模式。我们提供了一个基于我们研究中心采用的真正平面计划和工作时间表的用例。本研究表明,先进的仿真工具如何有助于改善建筑物的IAQ,从而确保健康的室内环境。
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背景:COVID-19患者的早期检测和隔离对于成功实施缓解策略并最终遏制疾病扩散至关重要。由于在每个国家 /地区进行的每日共同测试数量有限,因此模拟COVID-19的扩散以及目前每种缓解策略的潜在影响仍然是管理医疗保健系统和指导决策者的最有效方法之一。方法:我们介绍了Covidhunter,这是一种灵活而准确的Covid-19爆发模拟模型,该模型评估了应用于区域的当前缓解措施,并提供有关即将进行的缓解措施的强度的建议。 Covidhunter的关键思想是通过模拟考虑到外部因素的影响,例如环境条件(例如气候,温度,湿度,湿度)和缓解措施。结果:使用瑞士作为案例研究,Covidhunter估计,如果政策制定者放宽30天的缓解措施50%,那么医院病床的日常容量和每日死亡人数平均每天的死亡人数平均增加了5.1倍,则会增加5.1倍谁可能会占用ICU床和呼吸机一段时间。与现有模型不同,Covidhunter模型可以准确监视,并预测COVID-19造成的病例,住院和死亡人数。我们的模型可以灵活地配置,并且可以易于修改,以在不同的环境条件和缓解措施下对不同方案进行建模。可用性:我们在https://github.com/cmu-safari/covidhunter上发布了covidhunter实现的源代码,并展示如何在任何情况下灵活配置我们的模型,并轻松地将其扩展为不同的度量和条件。
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Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.
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我们考虑单个强化学习与基于事件驱动的代理商金融市场模型相互作用时学习最佳执行代理的学习动力。交易在事件时间内通过匹配引擎进行异步进行。最佳执行代理在不同级别的初始订单尺寸和不同尺寸的状态空间上进行考虑。使用校准方法考虑了对基于代理的模型和市场的影响,该方法探讨了经验性风格化事实和价格影响曲线的变化。收敛,音量轨迹和动作痕迹图用于可视化学习动力学。这表明了最佳执行代理如何在模拟的反应性市场框架内学习最佳交易决策,以及如何通过引入战略订单分类来改变模拟市场的反反应。
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A digital twin is defined as a virtual representation of a physical asset enabled through data and simulators for real-time prediction, optimization, monitoring, controlling, and improved decision-making. Unfortunately, the term remains vague and says little about its capability. Recently, the concept of capability level has been introduced to address this issue. Based on its capability, the concept states that a digital twin can be categorized on a scale from zero to five, referred to as standalone, descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, prescriptive, and autonomous, respectively. The current work introduces the concept in the context of the built environment. It demonstrates the concept by using a modern house as a use case. The house is equipped with an array of sensors that collect timeseries data regarding the internal state of the house. Together with physics-based and data-driven models, these data are used to develop digital twins at different capability levels demonstrated in virtual reality. The work, in addition to presenting a blueprint for developing digital twins, also provided future research directions to enhance the technology.
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在2015年和2019年之间,地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”,研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用,并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人,仍然在测试阶段,承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,在研究和开发的那些中,最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。
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共同检测和隔离Covid-19患者对于成功实施缓解策略并最终遏制疾病扩散至关重要。由于在每个国家 /地区进行的每日共同测试数量有限,因此模拟COVID-19的扩散以及目前每种缓解策略的潜在影响仍然是管理医疗保健系统和指导决策者的最有效方法之一。我们介绍了Covidhunter,这是一种灵活而准确的Covid-19爆发模拟模型,评估了当前适用于该地区的缓解措施,可预测Covid-19统计数据(每日案件,住院和死亡人数),并就何种建议提供建议。力量即将进行的缓解措施应该是。 Covidhunter的关键思想是通过模拟考虑到外部因素的影响,例如环境条件(例如气候,温度,湿度,湿度),关注的不同变体,疫苗接种率和缓解措施。 Covidhunter以瑞士为案例研究,估计我们正在经历一场致命的新浪潮,该浪潮将于2022年1月26日达到顶峰,这与我们2020年2月的浪潮非常相似。决策者只有一个选择是为了增加30天的当前缓解措施的强度。与现有模型不同,Covidhunter模型可以准确监视,并预测COVID-19造成的病例,住院和死亡人数。我们的模型可以灵活地进行配置,并且可以易于修改,以在不同的环境条件和缓解措施下对不同方案进行建模。我们在https://github.com/cmu-safari/covidhunter上发布了covidhunter实现的源代码。
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This chapter sheds light on the synaptic organization of the brain from the perspective of computational neuroscience. It provides an introductory overview on how to account for empirical data in mathematical models, implement them in software, and perform simulations reflecting experiments. This path is demonstrated with respect to four key aspects of synaptic signaling: the connectivity of brain networks, synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and the heterogeneity across synapses. Each step and aspect of the modeling and simulation workflow comes with its own challenges and pitfalls, which are highlighted and addressed in detail.
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讨论了与科学,工程,建筑和人为因素相关的月球表面上的运输设施问题。未来十年制造的后勤决策可能对财务成功至关重要。除了概述一些问题及其与数学和计算的关系外,本文还为决策者,科学家和工程师提供了有用的资源。
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Efficient energy consumption is crucial for achieving sustainable energy goals in the era of climate change and grid modernization. Thus, it is vital to understand how energy is consumed at finer resolutions such as household in order to plan demand-response events or analyze the impacts of weather, electricity prices, electric vehicles, solar, and occupancy schedules on energy consumption. However, availability and access to detailed energy-use data, which would enable detailed studies, has been rare. In this paper, we release a unique, large-scale, synthetic, residential energy-use dataset for the residential sector across the contiguous United States covering millions of households. The data comprise of hourly energy use profiles for synthetic households, disaggregated into Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCL) and appliance use. The underlying framework is constructed using a bottom-up approach. Diverse open-source surveys and first principles models are used for end-use modeling. Extensive validation of the synthetic dataset has been conducted through comparisons with reported energy-use data. We present a detailed, open, high-resolution, residential energy-use dataset for the United States.
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Multiple lines of evidence strongly suggest that infection hotspots, where a single individual infects many others, play a key role in the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. However, most of the existing epidemiological models fail to capture this aspect by neither representing the sites visited by individuals explicitly nor characterizing disease transmission as a function of individual mobility patterns. In this work, we introduce a temporal point process modeling framework that specifically represents visits to the sites where individuals get in contact and infect each other. Under our model, the number of infections caused by an infectious individual naturally emerges to be overdispersed. Using an efficient sampling algorithm, we demonstrate how to estimate the transmission rate of infectious individuals at the sites they visit and in their households using Bayesian optimization and longitudinal case data. Simulations using fine-grained and publicly available demographic data and site locations from Bern, Switzerland showcase the flexibility of our framework. To facilitate research and analyses of other cities and regions, we release an open-source implementation of our framework.
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机械化新鲜市场水果的手工采伐构成了水果产业可持续性的最大挑战之一。在手动收获草莓和桌葡萄等新鲜市场作物时,拾取器花费大量的时间行走,将全托盘携带到领域边缘的收集站。增加对这种作物的收获自动化的一步是部署运输空和全托盘的收获辅助协作机器人(共用机器人),从而通过减少拾取器的非生产步行时间来增加收获效率。这项工作介绍了在商业草莓收获过程中开发合作机器收获援助系统及其评估。在系统的核心上,提示了一种预测随机调度算法,其最小化了预期的非拾取时间,从而最大化了收获效率。在评估实验期间,当机器人到拾取器的比例为1:3时,共同机器人将平均收获效率提高约10%并将平均非生产时间减少60%。在这项工作中开发的概念可以应用于机器人收获艾滋病,用于其他手动收获的作物,这些作物涉及用于行走的作物运输。
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Energy consumption in buildings, both residential and commercial, accounts for approximately 40% of all energy usage in the U.S., and similar numbers are being reported from countries around the world. This significant amount of energy is used to maintain a comfortable, secure, and productive environment for the occupants. So, it is crucial that the energy consumption in buildings must be optimized, all the while maintaining satisfactory levels of occupant comfort, health, and safety. Recently, Machine Learning has been proven to be an invaluable tool in deriving important insights from data and optimizing various systems. In this work, we review the ways in which machine learning has been leveraged to make buildings smart and energy-efficient. For the convenience of readers, we provide a brief introduction of several machine learning paradigms and the components and functioning of each smart building system we cover. Finally, we discuss challenges faced while implementing machine learning algorithms in smart buildings and provide future avenues for research at the intersection of smart buildings and machine learning.
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全球综合合作对于限制全球温度的升高至关重要,同时继续经济发展,例如减少严重的不平等或实现长期经济增长。与N战略代理进行缓解气候变化的长期合作提出了一个复杂的游戏理论问题。例如,代理商可以谈判并达成气候协议,但是没有中央权力可以执行遵守这些协议。因此,设计谈判和协议框架以促进合作,允许所有代理人达到其个人政策目标并激励长期遵守,这一点至关重要。这是一个跨学科的挑战,要求在机器学习,经济学,气候科学,法律,政策,道德和其他领域进行研究人员之间的合作。特别是,我们认为机器学习是解决该领域复杂性的关键工具。为了促进这项研究,在这里,我们介绍了一个多区域综合评估模型,模拟全球气候和经济,可用于设计和评估不同谈判和协议框架的战略成果。我们还描述了如何使用多代理增强学习来使用水稻N训练理性剂。该框架是全球气候合作的基础,这是一个工作组协作和气候谈判和协议设计的竞争。在这里,我们邀请科学界使用Rice-N,机器学习,经济直觉和其他领域知识来设计和评估其解决方案。更多信息可以在www.ai4climatecoop.org上找到。
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我们提出了一种新的四管齐下的方法,在文献中首次建立消防员的情境意识。我们构建了一系列深度学习框架,彼此之叠,以提高消防员在紧急首次响应设置中进行的救援任务的安全性,效率和成功完成。首先,我们使用深度卷积神经网络(CNN)系统,以实时地分类和识别来自热图像的感兴趣对象。接下来,我们将此CNN框架扩展了对象检测,跟踪,分割与掩码RCNN框架,以及具有多模级自然语言处理(NLP)框架的场景描述。第三,我们建立了一个深入的Q学习的代理,免受压力引起的迷失方向和焦虑,能够根据现场消防环境中观察和存储的事实来制定明确的导航决策。最后,我们使用了一种低计算无监督的学习技术,称为张量分解,在实时对异常检测进行有意义的特征提取。通过这些临时深度学习结构,我们建立了人工智能系统的骨干,用于消防员的情境意识。要将设计的系统带入消防员的使用,我们设计了一种物理结构,其中处理后的结果被用作创建增强现实的投入,这是一个能够建议他们所在地的消防员和周围的关键特征,这对救援操作至关重要在手头,以及路径规划功能,充当虚拟指南,以帮助迷彩的第一个响应者恢复安全。当组合时,这四种方法呈现了一种新颖的信息理解,转移和综合方法,这可能会大大提高消防员响应和功效,并降低寿命损失。
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This paper is a technical overview of DeepMind and Google's recent work on reinforcement learning for controlling commercial cooling systems. Building on expertise that began with cooling Google's data centers more efficiently, we recently conducted live experiments on two real-world facilities in partnership with Trane Technologies, a building management system provider. These live experiments had a variety of challenges in areas such as evaluation, learning from offline data, and constraint satisfaction. Our paper describes these challenges in the hope that awareness of them will benefit future applied RL work. We also describe the way we adapted our RL system to deal with these challenges, resulting in energy savings of approximately 9% and 13% respectively at the two live experiment sites.
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.
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在过去的十年中,自动驾驶航空运输车辆引起了重大兴趣。这是通过空中操纵器和新颖的握手的技术进步来实现这一目标的。此外,改进的控制方案和车辆动力学能够更好地对有效载荷进行建模和改进的感知算法,以检测无人机(UAV)环境中的关键特征。在这项调查中,对自动空中递送车辆的技术进步和开放研究问题进行了系统的审查。首先,详细讨论了各种类型的操纵器和握手,以及动态建模和控制方法。然后,讨论了降落在静态和动态平台上的。随后,诸如天气状况,州估计和避免碰撞之类的风险以确保安全过境。最后,调查了交付的UAV路由,该路由将主题分为两个领域:无人机操作和无人机合作操作。
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情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪,并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是,即使没有明确提及情感名称,也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中,被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量,通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的,如果该人认为自己负责,是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的,例如,新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性,目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念,如果可以通过文本分类器预测,以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标,我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后,我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估,并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明,两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明,评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。
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