车载传感器的车载系统正在增强连接。这使信息共享能够实现对环境的更全面的理解。但是,通过公共蜂窝网络的同行通信带来了多个网络障碍以解决,需要网络系统来中继通信并连接无法直接连接的各方。 Web实时通信(WEBRTC)是跨车辆流媒体流媒体的良好候选者,因为它可以使延迟通信较低,同时将标准协议带到安全握手中,发现公共IP和横向网络地址转换(NAT)系统。但是,在基础架构中的端到端服务质量(QOS)适应,在该基础架构中,传输和接收是通过继电器解耦的,需要一种机制来有效地使视频流适应网络容量。为此,本文通过利用实时运输控制协议(RTCP)指标(例如带宽和往返时间)来调查解决分辨率,帧和比特率更改的机制。该解决方案旨在确保接收机上系统及时获得相关信息。在实际的5G测试台中分析了应用不同方法适应方法时对端到端吞吐量效率和反应时间的影响。
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近年来,物联网设备的数量越来越快,这导致了用于管理,存储,分析和从不同物联网设备的原始数据做出决定的具有挑战性的任务,尤其是对于延时敏感的应用程序。在车辆网络(VANET)环境中,由于常见的拓扑变化,车辆的动态性质使当前的开放研究发出更具挑战性,这可能导致车辆之间断开连接。为此,已经在5G基础设施上计算了云和雾化的背景下提出了许多研究工作。另一方面,有多种研究提案旨在延长车辆之间的连接时间。已经定义了车辆社交网络(VSN)以减少车辆之间的连接时间的负担。本调查纸首先提供了关于雾,云和相关范例,如5G和SDN的必要背景信息和定义。然后,它将读者介绍给车辆社交网络,不同的指标和VSN和在线社交网络之间的主要差异。最后,本调查调查了在展示不同架构的VANET背景下的相关工作,以解决雾计算中的不同问题。此外,它提供了不同方法的分类,并在雾和云的上下文中讨论所需的指标,并将其与车辆社交网络进行比较。与VSN和雾计算领域的新研究挑战和趋势一起讨论了相关相关工程的比较。
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先进的可穿戴设备越来越多地利用高分辨率多摄像头系统。作为用于处理所得到的图像数据的最先进的神经网络是计算要求的,对于利用第五代(5G)无线连接和移动边缘计算,已经越来越感兴趣,以将该处理卸载到云。为了评估这种可能性,本文提出了一个详细的仿真和评估,用于5G无线卸载,用于对象检测,在一个名为Vis4ion的强大新型智能可穿戴物中,用于盲目损害(BVI)。目前的Vis4ion系统是一种具有高分辨率摄像机,视觉处理和触觉和音频反馈的仪表簿。本文认为将相机数据上载到移动边缘云以执行实时对象检测并将检测结果传输回可穿戴。为了确定视频要求,纸张评估视频比特率和分辨率对物体检测精度和范围的影响。利用与BVI导航相关的标记对象的新街道场景数据集进行分析。视觉评估与详细的全堆栈无线网络仿真结合,以确定吞吐量的分布和延迟,具有来自城市环境中的新高分辨率3D模型的实际导航路径和射线跟踪。为了比较,无线仿真考虑了标准的4G长期演进(LTE)载波和高速度5G毫米波(MMWAVE)载波。因此,该工作提供了对具有高带宽和低延迟要求的应用中的MMWAVE连接的边缘计算的彻底和现实评估。
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通信系统是自主UAV系统设计的关键部分。它必须解决不同的考虑因素,包括UAV的效率,可靠性和移动性。此外,多UAV系统需要通信系统,以帮助在UAV的团队中提供信息共享,任务分配和协作。在本文中,我们审查了在考虑在电力线检查行业的应用程序时支持无人机团队的通信解决方案。我们提供候选无线通信技术的审查{用于支持UAV应用程序中的通信。综述了这些候选技术的性能测量和无人机相关的频道建模。提出了对构建UAV网状网络的当前技术的讨论。然后,我们分析机器人通信中间件,ROS和ROS2的结构,界面和性能。根据我们的审查,提出了通信系统中每层候选解决方案的特征和依赖性。
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实现自动化车辆和外部服务器,智能基础设施和其他道路使用者之间的安全可靠的高带宽低度连通性是使全自动驾驶成为可能的核心步骤。允许这种连接性的数据接口的可用性有可能区分人造代理在连接,合作和自动化的移动性系统中的功能与不具有此类接口的人类操作员的能力。连接的代理可以例如共享数据以构建集体环境模型,计划集体行为,并从集中组合的共享数据集体学习。本文提出了多种解决方案,允许连接的实体交换数据。特别是,我们提出了一个新的通用通信界面,该界面使用消息排队遥测传输(MQTT)协议连接运行机器人操作系统(ROS)的代理。我们的工作整合了以各种关键绩效指标的形式评估连接质量的方法。我们比较了各种方法,这些方法提供了5G网络中Edge-Cloud LiDAR对象检测的示例性用例所需的连接性。我们表明,基于车辆的传感器测量值的可用性与从边缘云中接收到相应的对象列表之间的平均延迟低于87毫秒。所有实施的解决方案均可为开源并免费使用。源代码可在https://github.com/ika-rwth-aachen/ros-v2x-benchmarking-suite上获得。
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The Internet of Senses (IoS) holds the promise of flawless telepresence-style communication for all human `receptors' and therefore blurs the difference of virtual and real environments. We commence by highlighting the compelling use cases empowered by the IoS and also the key network requirements. We then elaborate on how the emerging semantic communications and Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) paradigms along with 6G technologies may satisfy the requirements of IoS use cases. On one hand, semantic communications can be applied for extracting meaningful and significant information and hence efficiently exploit the resources and for harnessing a priori information at the receiver to satisfy IoS requirements. On the other hand, AI/ML facilitates frugal network resource management by making use of the enormous amount of data generated in IoS edge nodes and devices, as well as by optimizing the IoS performance via intelligent agents. However, the intelligent agents deployed at the edge are not completely aware of each others' decisions and the environments of each other, hence they operate in a partially rather than fully observable environment. Therefore, we present a case study of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) for improving the User Equipment (UE) throughput and energy consumption, as they are imperative for IoS use cases, using Reinforcement Learning for astutely activating and deactivating the component carriers in carrier aggregation. Finally, we outline the challenges and open issues of IoS implementations and employing semantic communications, edge intelligence as well as learning under partial observability in the IoS context.
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Video, as a key driver in the global explosion of digital information, can create tremendous benefits for human society. Governments and enterprises are deploying innumerable cameras for a variety of applications, e.g., law enforcement, emergency management, traffic control, and security surveillance, all facilitated by video analytics (VA). This trend is spurred by the rapid advancement of deep learning (DL), which enables more precise models for object classification, detection, and tracking. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of Internet-connected devices, massive amounts of data are generated daily, overwhelming the cloud. Edge computing, an emerging paradigm that moves workloads and services from the network core to the network edge, has been widely recognized as a promising solution. The resulting new intersection, edge video analytics (EVA), begins to attract widespread attention. Nevertheless, only a few loosely-related surveys exist on this topic. A dedicated venue for collecting and summarizing the latest advances of EVA is highly desired by the community. Besides, the basic concepts of EVA (e.g., definition, architectures, etc.) are ambiguous and neglected by these surveys due to the rapid development of this domain. A thorough clarification is needed to facilitate a consensus on these concepts. To fill in these gaps, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent efforts on EVA. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of edge computing, followed by an overview of VA. The EVA system and its enabling techniques are discussed next. In addition, we introduce prevalent frameworks and datasets to aid future researchers in the development of EVA systems. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and foresee future research directions. We believe this survey will help readers comprehend the relationship between VA and edge computing, and spark new ideas on EVA.
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随着物联网(IoT)和5G/6G无线通信的进步,近年来,移动计算的范式已经显着发展,从集中式移动云计算到分布式雾计算和移动边缘计算(MEC)。 MEC将计算密集型任务推向网络的边缘,并将资源尽可能接近端点,以解决有关存储空间,资源优化,计算性能和效率方面的移动设备缺点。与云计算相比,作为分布式和更紧密的基础架构,MEC与其他新兴技术的收敛性,包括元元,6G无线通信,人工智能(AI)和区块链,也解决了网络资源分配的问题,更多的网络负载,更多的网络负载,以及延迟要求。因此,本文研究了用于满足现代应用程序严格要求的计算范例。提供了MEC在移动增强现实(MAR)中的应用程序方案。此外,这项调查提出了基于MEC的元元的动机,并将MEC的应用介绍给了元元。特别强调上述一组技术融合,例如6G具有MEC范式,通过区块链加强MEC等。
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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使用人工智能(AI)赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增,为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习(ML)基础的服务。然而,这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战:(i)由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本,(ii)通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近,鉴于这些限制,一种新兴的新兴技术,包括联合学习(FL),以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型,可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源,在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中,我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外,提出了一个广泛的研究,详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用,并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效,其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代(B5G)和第六代(6G)通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术,这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后,我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。
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当今的车辆越来越多地嵌入了产生大量数据的计算机和传感器。这些数据是为了内部目的而利用的,随着连接的基础架构和智能城市的开发,车辆相互交互,以及与生成其他类型数据的道路使用者相互作用。对这些数据和车载资源及其货币化的访问面临本文提出的许多挑战。此外,与H2020 5GMETA项目中所面临的开放和新颖方法相比,最重要的商业解决方案。
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In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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Edge computing is changing the face of many industries and services. Common edge computing models offload computing which is prone to security risks and privacy violation. However, advances in deep learning enabled Internet of Things (IoTs) to take decisions and run cognitive tasks locally. This research introduces a decentralized-control edge model where most computation and decisions are moved to the IoT level. The model aims at decreasing communication to the edge which in return enhances efficiency and decreases latency. The model also avoids data transfer which raises security and privacy risks. To examine the model, we developed SAFEMYRIDES, a scene-aware ridesharing monitoring system where smart phones are detecting violations at the runtime. Current real-time monitoring systems are costly and require continuous network connectivity. The system uses optimized deep learning that run locally on IoTs to detect violations in ridesharing and record violation incidences. The system would enhance safety and security in ridesharing without violating privacy.
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车辆到车辆(V2V)通信的性能在很大程度上取决于使用的调度方法。虽然集中式网络调度程序提供高V2V通信可靠性,但它们的操作通常仅限于具有完整的蜂窝网络覆盖范围的区域。相比之下,在细胞外覆盖区域中,使用了相对效率低下的分布式无线电资源管理。为了利用集中式方法的好处来增强V2V通信在缺乏蜂窝覆盖的道路上的可靠性,我们建议使用VRLS(车辆加固学习调度程序),这是一种集中的调度程序,该调度程序主动为覆盖外的V2V Communications主动分配资源,以前}车辆离开蜂窝网络覆盖范围。通过在模拟的车辆环境中进行培训,VRL可以学习一项适应环境变化的调度策略,从而消除了在复杂的现实生活环境中对有针对性(重新)培训的需求。我们评估了在不同的移动性,网络负载,无线通道和资源配置下VRL的性能。 VRL的表现优于最新的区域中最新分布式调度算法,而无需蜂窝网络覆盖,通过在高负载条件下将数据包错误率降低了一半,并在低负载方案中实现了接近最大的可靠性。
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现代深度学习应用程序需要越来越多地计算培训最先进的模型。为了解决这一需求,大型企业和机构使用专用的高性能计算集群,其建筑和维护既昂贵又远远超出大多数组织的预算。结果,一些研究方向成为几个大型工业甚至更少的学术作用者的独家领域。为了减轻这种差异,较小的团体可以汇集他们的计算资源并运行有利于所有参与者的协作实验。这种范式称为网格或志愿者计算,在众多科学领域看到了成功的应用。然而,由于高延迟,不对称带宽以及志愿者计算独特的几个挑战,使用这种用于机器学习的方法是困难的。在这项工作中,我们仔细分析了这些约束,并提出了一种专门用于协作培训的新型算法框架。我们展示了我们在现实条件下的SWAV和Albert预先预价的方法的有效性,并在成本的一小部分中实现了与传统设置相当的性能。最后,我们提供了一份成功的协作语言模型预先追溯的详细报告,有40名参与者。
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本文提出了一种框架来衡量重要的指标(吞吐量,延迟,分组重传,信号强度等)以确定机器人操作系统(ROS)中间件支持的移动机器人的Wi-Fi网络性能。我们通过室内环境中的实验设置分析了移动机器人的双向网络性能,其中移动机器人正在传送从相机和LIDAR扫描值的重要传感器数据,例如在它导航室内的指令站。通过从命令站接收的远程速度命令的环境。实验评估了2.4 GHz和5 GHz频道下的性能,并在每侧的接入点(AP)的不同放置,每侧最多两个网络设备。该框架可以概括为车辆网络评估,本研究的讨论和见解适用于现场机器人社区,无线网络在实现现实世界环境中的机器人任务成功方面发挥着关键作用。
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社交媒体,职业运动和视频游戏正在推动实时视频流的快速增长,在抽搐和YouTube Live等平台上。自动流媒体经验非常易于短时间级网络拥塞,因为客户端播放缓冲区通常不超过几秒钟。不幸的是,识别这些流和测量他们的QoE进行网络管理是具有挑战性的,因为内容提供商在很大程度上使用相同的交付基础设施来用于实时和视频点播(VOD)流,并且不能提供数据包检查技术(包括SNI / DNS查询监控)始终区分两者。在本文中,我们设计,构建和部署康复:基于网络级行为特征的实时视频检测和QoE测量的机器学习方法。我们的贡献是四倍:(1)我们从抽搐和YouTube分析约23,000个视频流,并在其流量配置文件中识别区分实时和按需流的关键功能。我们将我们的交通迹线释放为公众的开放数据; (2)我们开发基于LSTM的二进制分类器模型,该模型将Live从按需流实时区分,在提供商的高度超过95%的准确度; (3)我们开发了一种方法,估计实时流动流动的QoE度量,分辨率和缓冲率分别分别为93%和90%的总体精度; (4)最后,我们将我们的解决方案原型,将其培训在实验室中,并在服务于7,000多名订阅者的Live ISP网络中部署它。我们的方法提供了ISP,具有细粒度的可视性,进入实时视频流,使它们能够测量和改善用户体验。
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.
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Colorsseum是一种开放式和公开可用的大型无线无线测试,可通过虚拟化和软载波形和协议堆栈进行实验研究,在完全可编程的“白盒子”平台上。通过256最先进的软件定义的无线电和巨大的通道仿真器核心,罗马斗兽场几乎可以模拟任何方案,在各种部署和渠道条件下,可以在规模上进行设计,开发和测试解决方案。通过有限脉冲响应滤波器通过高保真FPGA的仿真再现这些罗马孔射频场景。过滤器模拟所需的无线通道的抽头,并将它们应用于无线电节点生成的信号,忠实地模拟现实世界无线环境的条件。在本文中,我们将罗马斗兽场介绍为测试楼,这是第一次向研究界开放。我们描述了罗马斗兽场的建筑及其实验和仿真能力。然后,我们通过示例性用例证明了罗马斗兽场对实验研究的有效性,包括频谱共享和无人空中车辆场景的普遍用途用例,包括普遍的无线技术(例如,蜂窝和Wi-Fi)。斗兽索斗兽场未来更新的路线图总结了这篇论文。
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