通信系统是自主UAV系统设计的关键部分。它必须解决不同的考虑因素,包括UAV的效率,可靠性和移动性。此外,多UAV系统需要通信系统,以帮助在UAV的团队中提供信息共享,任务分配和协作。在本文中,我们审查了在考虑在电力线检查行业的应用程序时支持无人机团队的通信解决方案。我们提供候选无线通信技术的审查{用于支持UAV应用程序中的通信。综述了这些候选技术的性能测量和无人机相关的频道建模。提出了对构建UAV网状网络的当前技术的讨论。然后,我们分析机器人通信中间件,ROS和ROS2的结构,界面和性能。根据我们的审查,提出了通信系统中每层候选解决方案的特征和依赖性。
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审查的目的。这篇评论总结了通信格式和技术在启用多机器人系统中发挥的广泛作用。我们从两个角度了解了这一领域:需要通信功能才能完成任务的机器人应用程序,以及已使更新,更高级的多机器人系统的网络技术。最近的发现。通过这篇综述,我们确定了一项缺乏工作,从整体上解决了机器人及其使用的网络的共同设计和合作的问题。我们还强调了数据驱动和机器学习方法在为多机器人系统发展的通信管道中所扮演的角色。特别是,我们指的是最近与手工设计的通信模式不同的工作,并在这种情况下讨论了“ SIM到真实”差距。概括。我们介绍了机器人算法及其网络系统发展的方式的批判性观点,并为更协同的方法提供了理由。最后,我们还发现了针对研发的四个广泛的开放问题,同时提供了一个以数据为导向的观点来解决其中的一些问题。
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近年来,物联网设备的数量越来越快,这导致了用于管理,存储,分析和从不同物联网设备的原始数据做出决定的具有挑战性的任务,尤其是对于延时敏感的应用程序。在车辆网络(VANET)环境中,由于常见的拓扑变化,车辆的动态性质使当前的开放研究发出更具挑战性,这可能导致车辆之间断开连接。为此,已经在5G基础设施上计算了云和雾化的背景下提出了许多研究工作。另一方面,有多种研究提案旨在延长车辆之间的连接时间。已经定义了车辆社交网络(VSN)以减少车辆之间的连接时间的负担。本调查纸首先提供了关于雾,云和相关范例,如5G和SDN的必要背景信息和定义。然后,它将读者介绍给车辆社交网络,不同的指标和VSN和在线社交网络之间的主要差异。最后,本调查调查了在展示不同架构的VANET背景下的相关工作,以解决雾计算中的不同问题。此外,它提供了不同方法的分类,并在雾和云的上下文中讨论所需的指标,并将其与车辆社交网络进行比较。与VSN和雾计算领域的新研究挑战和趋势一起讨论了相关相关工程的比较。
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Filming sport videos from an aerial view has always been a hard and an expensive task to achieve, especially in sports that require a wide open area for its normal development or the ones that put in danger human safety. Recently, a new solution arose for aerial filming based on the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which is substantially cheaper than traditional aerial filming solutions that require conventional aircrafts like helicopters or complex structures for wide mobility. In this paper, we describe the design process followed for building a customized UAV suitable for sports aerial filming. The process includes the requirements definition, technical sizing and selection of mechanical, hardware and software technologies, as well as the whole integration and operation settings. One of the goals is to develop technologies allowing to build low cost UAVs and to manage them for a wide range of usage scenarios while achieving high levels of flexibility and automation. This work also shows some technical issues found during the development of the UAV as well as the solutions implemented.
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In recent years, the exponential proliferation of smart devices with their intelligent applications poses severe challenges on conventional cellular networks. Such challenges can be potentially overcome by integrating communication, computing, caching, and control (i4C) technologies. In this survey, we first give a snapshot of different aspects of the i4C, comprising background, motivation, leading technological enablers, potential applications, and use cases. Next, we describe different models of communication, computing, caching, and control (4C) to lay the foundation of the integration approach. We review current state-of-the-art research efforts related to the i4C, focusing on recent trends of both conventional and artificial intelligence (AI)-based integration approaches. We also highlight the need for intelligence in resources integration. Then, we discuss integration of sensing and communication (ISAC) and classify the integration approaches into various classes. Finally, we propose open challenges and present future research directions for beyond 5G networks, such as 6G.
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使用人工智能(AI)赋予无线网络中数据量的前所未有的数据量激增,为提供无处不在的数据驱动智能服务而开辟了新的视野。通过集中收集数据集和培训模型来实现传统的云彩中心学习(ML)基础的服务。然而,这种传统的训练技术包括两个挑战:(i)由于数据通信增加而导致的高通信和能源成本,(ii)通过允许不受信任的各方利用这些信息来威胁数据隐私。最近,鉴于这些限制,一种新兴的新兴技术,包括联合学习(FL),以使ML带到无线网络的边缘。通过以分布式方式培训全局模型,可以通过FL Server策划的全局模型来提取数据孤岛的好处。 FL利用分散的数据集和参与客户的计算资源,在不影响数据隐私的情况下开发广义ML模型。在本文中,我们介绍了对FL的基本面和能够实现技术的全面调查。此外,提出了一个广泛的研究,详细说明了无线网络中的流体的各种应用,并突出了他们的挑战和局限性。进一步探索了FL的疗效,其新兴的前瞻性超出了第五代(B5G)和第六代(6G)通信系统。本调查的目的是在关键的无线技术中概述了流动的技术,这些技术将作为建立对该主题的坚定了解的基础。最后,我们向未来的研究方向提供前进的道路。
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In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.
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Search and rescue, wildfire monitoring, and flood/hurricane impact assessment are mission-critical services for recent IoT networks. Communication synchronization, dependability, and minimal communication jitter are major simulation and system issues for the time-based physics-based ROS simulator, event-based network-based wireless simulator, and complex dynamics of mobile and heterogeneous IoT devices deployed in actual environments. Simulating a heterogeneous multi-robot system before deployment is difficult due to synchronizing physics (robotics) and network simulators. Due to its master-based architecture, most TCP/IP-based synchronization middlewares use ROS1. A real-time ROS2 architecture with masterless packet discovery synchronizes robotics and wireless network simulations. A velocity-aware Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) technique for ground and aerial robots using Data Distribution Service (DDS) publish-subscribe transport minimizes packet loss, synchronization, transmission, and communication jitters. Gazebo and NS-3 simulate and test. Simulator-agnostic middleware. LOS/NLOS and TCP/UDP protocols tested our ROS2-based synchronization middleware for packet loss probability and average latency. A thorough ablation research replaced NS-3 with EMANE, a real-time wireless network simulator, and masterless ROS2 with master-based ROS1. Finally, we tested network synchronization and jitter using one aerial drone (Duckiedrone) and two ground vehicles (TurtleBot3 Burger) on different terrains in masterless (ROS2) and master-enabled (ROS1) clusters. Our middleware shows that a large-scale IoT infrastructure with a diverse set of stationary and robotic devices can achieve low-latency communications (12% and 11% reduction in simulation and real) while meeting mission-critical application reliability (10% and 15% packet loss reduction) and high-fidelity requirements.
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安全的数字无线通信水下已成为一个关键问题,因为海上运营转向采用机器人资产的异质组合,并且随着数字系统的安全性在所有领域都受到挑战。同时,水下信号编码和物理层选项的增殖提供了更大的带宽和灵活性,但主要没有互操作性所需的标准。我们在这里解决了对安全的基本要求,即对资产身份的确认也称为身份验证。我们建议,实施,验证和验证基于第一个数字水下通信标准的身份验证协议。我们的计划主要适用于在海上石油和天然气设施周围运行的AUV,也适用于将来可能还具有声学调制解调器的其他水下设备。它使包括命令和控制在内的沟通更加安全,并为开发更复杂的安全机制提供了基础。
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Colorsseum是一种开放式和公开可用的大型无线无线测试,可通过虚拟化和软载波形和协议堆栈进行实验研究,在完全可编程的“白盒子”平台上。通过256最先进的软件定义的无线电和巨大的通道仿真器核心,罗马斗兽场几乎可以模拟任何方案,在各种部署和渠道条件下,可以在规模上进行设计,开发和测试解决方案。通过有限脉冲响应滤波器通过高保真FPGA的仿真再现这些罗马孔射频场景。过滤器模拟所需的无线通道的抽头,并将它们应用于无线电节点生成的信号,忠实地模拟现实世界无线环境的条件。在本文中,我们将罗马斗兽场介绍为测试楼,这是第一次向研究界开放。我们描述了罗马斗兽场的建筑及其实验和仿真能力。然后,我们通过示例性用例证明了罗马斗兽场对实验研究的有效性,包括频谱共享和无人空中车辆场景的普遍用途用例,包括普遍的无线技术(例如,蜂窝和Wi-Fi)。斗兽索斗兽场未来更新的路线图总结了这篇论文。
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is transforming the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by enhancing the trust of end-users in machines. As the number of connected devices keeps on growing, the Internet of Things (IoT) market needs to be trustworthy for the end-users. However, existing literature still lacks a systematic and comprehensive survey work on the use of XAI for IoT. To bridge this lacking, in this paper, we address the XAI frameworks with a focus on their characteristics and support for IoT. We illustrate the widely-used XAI services for IoT applications, such as security enhancement, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), and Internet of City Things (IoCT). We also suggest the implementation choice of XAI models over IoT systems in these applications with appropriate examples and summarize the key inferences for future works. Moreover, we present the cutting-edge development in edge XAI structures and the support of sixth-generation (6G) communication services for IoT applications, along with key inferences. In a nutshell, this paper constitutes the first holistic compilation on the development of XAI-based frameworks tailored for the demands of future IoT use cases.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.
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机器人操作系统(ROS)提供软件框架,知识和社区生态系统提供资源,以便快速开发和原型智能机器人应用。通过标准化软件模块的通信,配置和调用,ROS便于重用设备驱动程序和算法实现。使用现有的功能实现允许用户从测试和已知的功能中组装其机器人应用程序。尽管ROS-Industrial Consortium和Rosin这样的项目努力将ROS带到工业应用和整合工业硬件,但我们观察缺乏在普遍整合基本物理IO的选择。在这项工作中,我们通过为ROS实现通用Modbus / TCP设备驱动程序来安置并提供解决此问题。
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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本文提出了一种框架来衡量重要的指标(吞吐量,延迟,分组重传,信号强度等)以确定机器人操作系统(ROS)中间件支持的移动机器人的Wi-Fi网络性能。我们通过室内环境中的实验设置分析了移动机器人的双向网络性能,其中移动机器人正在传送从相机和LIDAR扫描值的重要传感器数据,例如在它导航室内的指令站。通过从命令站接收的远程速度命令的环境。实验评估了2.4 GHz和5 GHz频道下的性能,并在每侧的接入点(AP)的不同放置,每侧最多两个网络设备。该框架可以概括为车辆网络评估,本研究的讨论和见解适用于现场机器人社区,无线网络在实现现实世界环境中的机器人任务成功方面发挥着关键作用。
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互联网连接系统的指数增长产生了许多挑战,例如频谱短缺问题,需要有效的频谱共享(SS)解决方案。复杂和动态的SS系统可以接触不同的潜在安全性和隐私问题,需要保护机制是自适应,可靠和可扩展的。基于机器学习(ML)的方法经常提议解决这些问题。在本文中,我们对最近的基于ML的SS方法,最关键的安全问题和相应的防御机制提供了全面的调查。特别是,我们详细说明了用于提高SS通信系统的性能的最先进的方法,包括基于ML基于ML的基于的数据库辅助SS网络,ML基于基于的数据库辅助SS网络,包括基于ML的数据库辅助的SS网络,基于ML的LTE-U网络,基于ML的环境反向散射网络和其他基于ML的SS解决方案。我们还从物理层和基于ML算法的相应防御策略的安全问题,包括主要用户仿真(PUE)攻击,频谱感测数据伪造(SSDF)攻击,干扰攻击,窃听攻击和隐私问题。最后,还给出了对ML基于ML的开放挑战的广泛讨论。这种全面的审查旨在为探索新出现的ML的潜力提供越来越复杂的SS及其安全问题,提供基础和促进未来的研究。
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在过去的十年中,自动驾驶航空运输车辆引起了重大兴趣。这是通过空中操纵器和新颖的握手的技术进步来实现这一目标的。此外,改进的控制方案和车辆动力学能够更好地对有效载荷进行建模和改进的感知算法,以检测无人机(UAV)环境中的关键特征。在这项调查中,对自动空中递送车辆的技术进步和开放研究问题进行了系统的审查。首先,详细讨论了各种类型的操纵器和握手,以及动态建模和控制方法。然后,讨论了降落在静态和动态平台上的。随后,诸如天气状况,州估计和避免碰撞之类的风险以确保安全过境。最后,调查了交付的UAV路由,该路由将主题分为两个领域:无人机操作和无人机合作操作。
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未来的互联网涉及几种新兴技术,例如5G和5G网络,车辆网络,无人机(UAV)网络和物联网(IOT)。此外,未来的互联网变得异质并分散了许多相关网络实体。每个实体可能需要做出本地决定,以在动态和不确定的网络环境下改善网络性能。最近使用标准学习算法,例如单药强化学习(RL)或深入强化学习(DRL),以使每个网络实体作为代理人通过与未知环境进行互动来自适应地学习最佳决策策略。但是,这种算法未能对网络实体之间的合作或竞争进行建模,而只是将其他实体视为可能导致非平稳性问题的环境的一部分。多机构增强学习(MARL)允许每个网络实体不仅观察环境,还可以观察其他实体的政策来学习其最佳政策。结果,MAL可以显着提高网络实体的学习效率,并且最近已用于解决新兴网络中的各种问题。在本文中,我们因此回顾了MAL在新兴网络中的应用。特别是,我们提供了MARL的教程,以及对MARL在下一代互联网中的应用进行全面调查。特别是,我们首先介绍单代机Agent RL和MARL。然后,我们回顾了MAL在未来互联网中解决新兴问题的许多应用程序。这些问题包括网络访问,传输电源控制,计算卸载,内容缓存,数据包路由,无人机网络的轨迹设计以及网络安全问题。
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实现自动化车辆和外部服务器,智能基础设施和其他道路使用者之间的安全可靠的高带宽低度连通性是使全自动驾驶成为可能的核心步骤。允许这种连接性的数据接口的可用性有可能区分人造代理在连接,合作和自动化的移动性系统中的功能与不具有此类接口的人类操作员的能力。连接的代理可以例如共享数据以构建集体环境模型,计划集体行为,并从集中组合的共享数据集体学习。本文提出了多种解决方案,允许连接的实体交换数据。特别是,我们提出了一个新的通用通信界面,该界面使用消息排队遥测传输(MQTT)协议连接运行机器人操作系统(ROS)的代理。我们的工作整合了以各种关键绩效指标的形式评估连接质量的方法。我们比较了各种方法,这些方法提供了5G网络中Edge-Cloud LiDAR对象检测的示例性用例所需的连接性。我们表明,基于车辆的传感器测量值的可用性与从边缘云中接收到相应的对象列表之间的平均延迟低于87毫秒。所有实施的解决方案均可为开源并免费使用。源代码可在https://github.com/ika-rwth-aachen/ros-v2x-benchmarking-suite上获得。
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随着在边缘处使用容器的能力,它们构成了统一的解决方案,以打击分布式多主机ROS部署的复杂性,以及各个ROS节点和依赖关系部署。ROS中的双向通信对使用包含多个机器的非容集装箱中的集装箱ROS部署构成了挑战。我们将分析ROS采用的通信协议,以及不同容器网络模式的适用性及其对ROS部署的影响。最后,我们将为ROS呈现第7层透明代理服务器架构,作为所识别的问题的解决方案。不仅可以在集装箱中的环境中使用ROS,但通常在网段之间代理ROS。
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