Large training data and expensive model tweaking are standard features of deep learning for images. As a result, data owners often utilize cloud resources to develop large-scale complex models, which raises privacy concerns. Existing solutions are either too expensive to be practical or do not sufficiently protect the confidentiality of data and models. In this paper, we study and compare novel \emph{image disguising} mechanisms, DisguisedNets and InstaHide, aiming to achieve a better trade-off among the level of protection for outsourced DNN model training, the expenses, and the utility of data. DisguisedNets are novel combinations of image blocktization, block-level random permutation, and two block-level secure transformations: random multidimensional projection (RMT) and AES pixel-level encryption (AES). InstaHide is an image mixup and random pixel flipping technique \cite{huang20}. We have analyzed and evaluated them under a multi-level threat model. RMT provides a better security guarantee than InstaHide, under the Level-1 adversarial knowledge with well-preserved model quality. In contrast, AES provides a security guarantee under the Level-2 adversarial knowledge, but it may affect model quality more. The unique features of image disguising also help us to protect models from model-targeted attacks. We have done an extensive experimental evaluation to understand how these methods work in different settings for different datasets.
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Model-based attacks can infer training data information from deep neural network models. These attacks heavily depend on the attacker's knowledge of the application domain, e.g., using it to determine the auxiliary data for model-inversion attacks. However, attackers may not know what the model is used for in practice. We propose a generative adversarial network (GAN) based method to explore likely or similar domains of a target model -- the model domain inference (MDI) attack. For a given target (classification) model, we assume that the attacker knows nothing but the input and output formats and can use the model to derive the prediction for any input in the desired form. Our basic idea is to use the target model to affect a GAN training process for a candidate domain's dataset that is easy to obtain. We find that the target model may distract the training procedure less if the domain is more similar to the target domain. We then measure the distraction level with the distance between GAN-generated datasets, which can be used to rank candidate domains for the target model. Our experiments show that the auxiliary dataset from an MDI top-ranked domain can effectively boost the result of model-inversion attacks.
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机器学习中的隐私和安全挑战(ML)已成为ML普遍的开发以及最近对大型攻击表面的展示,已成为一个关键的话题。作为一种成熟的以系统为导向的方法,在学术界和行业中越来越多地使用机密计算来改善各种ML场景的隐私和安全性。在本文中,我们将基于机密计算辅助的ML安全性和隐私技术的发现系统化,以提供i)保密保证和ii)完整性保证。我们进一步确定了关键挑战,并提供有关ML用例现有可信赖的执行环境(TEE)系统中限制的专门分析。我们讨论了潜在的工作,包括基础隐私定义,分区的ML执行,针对ML的专用发球台设计,TEE Awawe Aware ML和ML Full Pipeline保证。这些潜在的解决方案可以帮助实现强大的TEE ML,以保证无需引入计算和系统成本。
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窃取对受控信息的攻击,以及越来越多的信息泄漏事件,已成为近年来新兴网络安全威胁。由于蓬勃发展和部署先进的分析解决方案,新颖的窃取攻击利用机器学习(ML)算法来实现高成功率并导致大量损坏。检测和捍卫这种攻击是挑战性和紧迫的,因此政府,组织和个人应该非常重视基于ML的窃取攻击。本调查显示了这种新型攻击和相应对策的最新进展。以三类目标受控信息的视角审查了基于ML的窃取攻击,包括受控用户活动,受控ML模型相关信息和受控认证信息。最近的出版物总结了概括了总体攻击方法,并导出了基于ML的窃取攻击的限制和未来方向。此外,提出了从三个方面制定有效保护的对策 - 检测,破坏和隔离。
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由于机器学习(ML)技术和应用正在迅速改变许多计算领域,以及与ML相关的安全问题也在出现。在系统安全领域中,已经进行了许多努力,以确保ML模型和数据机密性。ML计算通常不可避免地在不受信任的环境中执行,并因此需要复杂的多方安全要求。因此,研究人员利用可信任的执行环境(TEES)来构建机密ML计算系统。本文通过在不受信任的环境中分类攻击向量和缓解攻击载体和缓解来进行系统和全面的调查,分析多方ML安全要求,并讨论相关工程挑战。
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Differentially private federated learning (DP-FL) has received increasing attention to mitigate the privacy risk in federated learning. Although different schemes for DP-FL have been proposed, there is still a utility gap. Employing central Differential Privacy in FL (CDP-FL) can provide a good balance between the privacy and model utility, but requires a trusted server. Using Local Differential Privacy for FL (LDP-FL) does not require a trusted server, but suffers from lousy privacy-utility trade-off. Recently proposed shuffle DP based FL has the potential to bridge the gap between CDP-FL and LDP-FL without a trusted server; however, there is still a utility gap when the number of model parameters is large. In this work, we propose OLIVE, a system that combines the merits from CDP-FL and LDP-FL by leveraging Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). Our main technical contributions are the analysis and countermeasures against the vulnerability of TEE in OLIVE. Firstly, we theoretically analyze the memory access pattern leakage of OLIVE and find that there is a risk for sparsified gradients, which is common in FL. Secondly, we design an inference attack to understand how the memory access pattern could be linked to the training data. Thirdly, we propose oblivious yet efficient algorithms to prevent the memory access pattern leakage in OLIVE. Our experiments on real-world data demonstrate that OLIVE is efficient even when training a model with hundreds of thousands of parameters and effective against side-channel attacks on TEE.
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Federated learning is a collaborative method that aims to preserve data privacy while creating AI models. Current approaches to federated learning tend to rely heavily on secure aggregation protocols to preserve data privacy. However, to some degree, such protocols assume that the entity orchestrating the federated learning process (i.e., the server) is not fully malicious or dishonest. We investigate vulnerabilities to secure aggregation that could arise if the server is fully malicious and attempts to obtain access to private, potentially sensitive data. Furthermore, we provide a method to further defend against such a malicious server, and demonstrate effectiveness against known attacks that reconstruct data in a federated learning setting.
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Deep Learning has recently become hugely popular in machine learning for its ability to solve end-to-end learning systems, in which the features and the classifiers are learned simultaneously, providing significant improvements in classification accuracy in the presence of highly-structured and large databases.Its success is due to a combination of recent algorithmic breakthroughs, increasingly powerful computers, and access to significant amounts of data.Researchers have also considered privacy implications of deep learning. Models are typically trained in a centralized manner with all the data being processed by the same training algorithm. If the data is a collection of users' private data, including habits, personal pictures, geographical positions, interests, and more, the centralized server will have access to sensitive information that could potentially be mishandled. To tackle this problem, collaborative deep learning models have recently been proposed where parties locally train their deep learning structures and only share a subset of the parameters in the attempt to keep their respective training sets private. Parameters can also be obfuscated via differential privacy (DP) to make information extraction even more challenging, as proposed by Shokri and Shmatikov at CCS'15.Unfortunately, we show that any privacy-preserving collaborative deep learning is susceptible to a powerful attack that we devise in this paper. In particular, we show that a distributed, federated, or decentralized deep learning approach is fundamentally broken and does not protect the training sets of honest participants. The attack we developed exploits the real-time nature of the learning process that allows the adversary to train a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that generates prototypical samples of the targeted training set that was meant to be private (the samples generated by the GAN are intended to come from the same distribution as the training data). Interestingly, we show that record-level differential privacy applied to the shared parameters of the model, as suggested in previous work, is ineffective (i.e., record-level DP is not designed to address our attack).
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培训深度神经网络通常会迫使用户在分布式或外包环境中工作,并伴随着隐私问题。 Split学习旨在通过在客户端和服务器之间分配模型来解决这一问题。该方案据说提供了隐私,因为服务器无法看到客户端的模型和输入。我们表明,通过两次新颖的攻击,这是不正确的。 (1)我们表明,只有掌握客户端神经网络体系结构知识的诚实但充满感染的分裂学习服务器可以恢复输入样本并获得与客户端模型的功能相似的模型,而无需检测到。 (2)我们证明,如果客户端仅隐藏模型的输出层以“保护”专用标签,则诚实但有趣的服务器可以完全准确地推断出标签。我们使用各种基准数据集测试我们的攻击,并反对提议的隐私增强扩展以分裂学习。我们的结果表明,明文分裂学习可能会带来严重的风险,从数据(输入)隐私到知识产权(模型参数),并且不仅仅提供虚假的安全感。
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机器学习的最新进展使其在不同领域的广泛应用程序,最令人兴奋的应用程序之一是自动驾驶汽车(AV),这鼓励了从感知到预测到计划的许多ML算法的开发。但是,培训AV通常需要从不同驾驶环境(例如城市)以及不同类型的个人信息(例如工作时间和路线)收集的大量培训数据。这种收集的大数据被视为以数据为中心的AI时代的ML新油,通常包含大量对隐私敏感的信息,这些信息很难删除甚至审核。尽管现有的隐私保护方法已经取得了某些理论和经验成功,但将它们应用于自动驾驶汽车等现实世界应用时仍存在差距。例如,当培训AVS时,不仅可以单独识别的信息揭示对隐私敏感的信息,还可以揭示人口级别的信息,例如城市内的道路建设以及AVS的专有商业秘密。因此,重新审视AV中隐私风险和相应保护方法的前沿以弥合这一差距至关重要。遵循这一目标,在这项工作中,我们为AVS中的隐私风险和保护方法提供了新的分类法,并将AV中的隐私分为三个层面:个人,人口和专有。我们明确列出了保护每个级别的隐私级别,总结这些挑战的现有解决方案,讨论课程和结论,并为研究人员和从业者提供潜在的未来方向和机会。我们认为,这项工作将有助于塑造AV中的隐私研究,并指导隐私保护技术设计。
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从公共机器学习(ML)模型中泄漏数据是一个越来越重要的领域,因为ML的商业和政府应用可以利用多个数据源,可能包括用户和客户的敏感数据。我们对几个方面的当代进步进行了全面的调查,涵盖了非自愿数据泄漏,这对ML模型很自然,潜在的恶毒泄漏是由隐私攻击引起的,以及目前可用的防御机制。我们专注于推理时间泄漏,这是公开可用模型的最可能场景。我们首先在不同的数据,任务和模型体系结构的背景下讨论什么是泄漏。然后,我们提出了跨非自愿和恶意泄漏的分类法,可用的防御措施,然后进行当前可用的评估指标和应用。我们以杰出的挑战和开放性的问题结束,概述了一些有希望的未来研究方向。
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鉴于对机器学习模型的访问,可以进行对手重建模型的培训数据?这项工作从一个强大的知情对手的镜头研究了这个问题,他们知道除了一个之外的所有培训数据点。通过实例化混凝土攻击,我们表明重建此严格威胁模型中的剩余数据点是可行的。对于凸模型(例如Logistic回归),重建攻击很简单,可以以封闭形式导出。对于更常规的模型(例如神经网络),我们提出了一种基于训练的攻击策略,该攻击策略接收作为输入攻击的模型的权重,并产生目标数据点。我们展示了我们对MNIST和CIFAR-10训练的图像分类器的攻击的有效性,并系统地研究了标准机器学习管道的哪些因素影响重建成功。最后,我们从理论上调查了有多差异的隐私足以通过知情对手减轻重建攻击。我们的工作提供了有效的重建攻击,模型开发人员可以用于评估超出以前作品中考虑的一般设置中的个别点的记忆(例如,生成语言模型或访问培训梯度);它表明,标准模型具有存储足够信息的能力,以实现培训数据点的高保真重建;它表明,差异隐私可以成功减轻该参数制度中的攻击,其中公用事业劣化最小。
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机器学习与服务(MLAAS)已成为广泛的范式,即使是通过例如,也是客户可用的最复杂的机器学习模型。一个按要求的原则。这使用户避免了数据收集,超参数调整和模型培训的耗时过程。但是,通过让客户访问(预测)模型,MLAAS提供商危害其知识产权,例如敏感培训数据,优化的超参数或学到的模型参数。对手可以仅使用预测标签创建模型的副本,并以(几乎)相同的行为。尽管已经描述了这种攻击的许多变体,但仅提出了零星的防御策略,以解决孤立的威胁。这增加了对模型窃取领域进行彻底系统化的必要性,以全面了解这些攻击是成功的原因,以及如何全面地捍卫它们。我们通过对模型窃取攻击,评估其性能以及探索不同设置中相应的防御技术来解决这一问题。我们为攻击和防御方法提出了分类法,并提供有关如何根据目标和可用资源选择正确的攻击或防御策略的准则。最后,我们分析了当前攻击策略使哪些防御能力降低。
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联合学习允许一组用户在私人训练数据集中培训深度神经网络。在协议期间,数据集永远不会留下各个用户的设备。这是通过要求每个用户向中央服务器发送“仅”模型更新来实现,从而汇总它们以更新深神经网络的参数。然而,已经表明,每个模型更新都具有关于用户数据集的敏感信息(例如,梯度反转攻击)。联合学习的最先进的实现通过利用安全聚合来保护这些模型更新:安全监控协议,用于安全地计算用户的模型更新的聚合。安全聚合是关键,以保护用户的隐私,因为它会阻碍服务器学习用户提供的个人模型更新的源,防止推断和数据归因攻击。在这项工作中,我们表明恶意服务器可以轻松地阐明安全聚合,就像后者未到位一样。我们设计了两种不同的攻击,能够在参与安全聚合的用户数量上,独立于参与安全聚合的用户数。这使得它们在大规模现实世界联邦学习应用中的具体威胁。攻击是通用的,不瞄准任何特定的安全聚合协议。即使安全聚合协议被其理想功能替换为提供完美的安全性的理想功能,它们也同样有效。我们的工作表明,安全聚合与联合学习相结合,当前实施只提供了“虚假的安全感”。
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与令人印象深刻的进步触动了我们社会的各个方面,基于深度神经网络(DNN)的AI技术正在带来越来越多的安全问题。虽然在考试时间运行的攻击垄断了研究人员的初始关注,但是通过干扰培训过程来利用破坏DNN模型的可能性,代表了破坏训练过程的可能性,这是破坏AI技术的可靠性的进一步严重威胁。在后门攻击中,攻击者损坏了培训数据,以便在测试时间诱导错误的行为。然而,测试时间误差仅在存在与正确制作的输入样本对应的触发事件的情况下被激活。通过这种方式,损坏的网络继续正常输入的预期工作,并且只有当攻击者决定激活网络内隐藏的后门时,才会发生恶意行为。在过去几年中,后门攻击一直是强烈的研究活动的主题,重点是新的攻击阶段的发展,以及可能对策的提议。此概述文件的目标是审查发表的作品,直到现在,分类到目前为止提出的不同类型的攻击和防御。指导分析的分类基于攻击者对培训过程的控制量,以及防御者验证用于培训的数据的完整性,并监控DNN在培训和测试中的操作时间。因此,拟议的分析特别适合于参考他们在运营的应用方案的攻击和防御的强度和弱点。
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深度神经网络(DNN)的最新进步已经看到多个安全敏感域中的广泛部署。需要资源密集型培训和使用有价值的域特定培训数据,使这些模型成为模型所有者的顶级知识产权(IP)。 DNN隐私的主要威胁之一是模型提取攻击,前提是在DNN模型中试图窃取敏感信息。最近的研究表明,基于硬件的侧信道攻击可以揭示关于DNN模型的内部知识(例如,模型架构)但到目前为止,现有攻击不能提取详细的模型参数(例如,权重/偏置)。在这项工作中,我们首次提出了一种先进的模型提取攻击框架,借助记忆侧通道攻击有效地窃取了DNN权重。我们建议的深度包括两个关键阶段。首先,我们通过采用基于Rowhammer的硬件故障技术作为信息泄漏向量,开发一种名为HammerLeak的新重量位信息提取方法。 Hammerleak利用了用于DNN应用的几种新的系统级技术,以实现快速高效的重量窃取。其次,我们提出了一种具有平均聚类重量惩罚的新型替代模型训练算法,其利用部分泄漏的位信息有效地利用了目标受害者模型的替代原型。我们在三个流行的图像数据集(例如,CiFar-10/100 / GTSRB)和四个DNN架构上评估该替代模型提取方法(例如,Reset-18/34 / Wide-Reset / Vgg-11)。提取的替代模型在CiFar-10数据集的深度剩余网络上成功实现了超过90%的测试精度。此外,我们提取的替代模型也可能产生有效的对抗性输入样本来欺骗受害者模型。
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联邦学习的出现在维持隐私的同时,促进了机器学习模型之间的大规模数据交换。尽管历史悠久,但联邦学习正在迅速发展,以使更广泛的使用更加实用。该领域中最重要的进步之一是将转移学习纳入联邦学习,这克服了主要联合学习的基本限制,尤其是在安全方面。本章从安全的角度进行了有关联合和转移学习的交集的全面调查。这项研究的主要目标是发现可能损害使用联合和转移学习的系统的隐私和性能的潜在脆弱性和防御机制。
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已经提出了安全的多方计算(MPC),以允许多个相互不信任的数据所有者在其合并数据上共同训练机器学习(ML)模型。但是,通过设计,MPC协议忠实地计算了训练功能,对抗性ML社区已证明该功能泄漏了私人信息,并且可以在中毒攻击中篡改。在这项工作中,我们认为在我们的框架中实现的模型合奏是一种称为Safenet的框架,是MPC的高度无限方法,可以避免许多对抗性ML攻击。 MPC培训中所有者之间数据的自然分区允许这种方法在训练时间高度可扩展,可证明可保护免受中毒攻击的保护,并证明可以防御许多隐私攻击。我们展示了Safenet对在端到端和转移学习方案训练的几个机器学习数据集和模型上中毒的效率,准确性和韧性。例如,Safenet可显着降低后门攻击的成功,同时获得$ 39 \ times $ $的培训,$ 36 \ times $ $ $少于达尔斯科夫(Dalskov)等人的四方MPC框架。我们的实验表明,即使在许多非IID设置中,结合也能保留这些好处。结合的简单性,廉价的设置和鲁棒性属性使其成为MPC私下培训ML模型的强大首选。
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边缘计算是一个将数据处理服务转移到生成数据的网络边缘的范式。尽管这样的架构提供了更快的处理和响应,但除其他好处外,它还提出了必须解决的关键安全问题和挑战。本文讨论了从硬件层到系统层的边缘网络体系结构出现的安全威胁和漏洞。我们进一步讨论了此类网络中的隐私和法规合规性挑战。最后,我们认为需要一种整体方法来分析边缘网络安全姿势,该姿势必须考虑每一层的知识。
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In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been proposed and is known for breaking down ``data silos" and protecting the privacy of users. However, FL has not yet gained popularity in the industry, mainly due to its security, privacy, and high cost of communication. For the purpose of advancing the research in this field, building a robust FL system, and realizing the wide application of FL, this paper sorts out the possible attacks and corresponding defenses of the current FL system systematically. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the basic workflow of FL and related knowledge of attacks and defenses. It reviews a great deal of research about privacy theft and malicious attacks that have been studied in recent years. Most importantly, in view of the current three classification criteria, namely the three stages of machine learning, the three different roles in federated learning, and the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) guidelines on privacy protection, we divide attack approaches into two categories according to the training stage and the prediction stage in machine learning. Furthermore, we also identify the CIA property violated for each attack method and potential attack role. Various defense mechanisms are then analyzed separately from the level of privacy and security. Finally, we summarize the possible challenges in the application of FL from the aspect of attacks and defenses and discuss the future development direction of FL systems. In this way, the designed FL system has the ability to resist different attacks and is more secure and stable.
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